scholarly journals Imaging and Documenting Gammarideans

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Haug ◽  
Gerd Mayer ◽  
Verena Kutschera ◽  
Dieter Waloszek ◽  
Andreas Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Computed Microtomography ◽  
Document Structures

We give an overview of available techniques for imaging and documenting applied to gammarideans and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Although recent techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB SEM), or computed microtomography (μCT), provide new possibilities to detect and document structures, these high-tech devices are expensive, and access to them is often limited. Alternatively, there are many possibilities to enhance the capabilities of established techniques such as macrophotography and light microscopy. We discuss improvements of the illumination with polarized light and the possibilities of utilizing the autofluorescence of animals such as the gammarideans. In addition, we present software-based enhancing tools such as image fusion and image stitching.

scholarly journals Cyanobacterial calcification in modern microbialites at the submicrometer-scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 3311-3339 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Couradeau ◽  
K. Benzerara ◽  
E. Gérard ◽  
I. Estève ◽  
D. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Advanced Stages

Abstract. The search for microfossils in the geological record has been a long-term challenge. Part of the problem comes from the difficulty of identifying such microfossils unambiguously, since they can be morphologically confused with abiotic biomorphs. One route to improve our ability to correctly identify microfossils consists in studying fossilization processes affecting bacteria in modern settings. We studied the initial stages of fossilization of cyanobacterial cells in modern microbialites from Lake Alchichica (Mexico), a Mg-rich hyperalkaline crater lake (pH 8.9) hosting currently growing stromatolites composed of aragonite [CaCO3] and hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 × 4(H2O)]. Most of the biomass associated with the microbialites is composed of cyanobacteria. Scanning electron microscopy analyses coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy observations were conducted to co-localize cyanobacterial cells and associated minerals. These observations showed that cyanobacterial cells affiliating to the order Pleurocapsales become specifically encrusted within aragonite with an apparent preservation of cell morphology. Encrustation gradients from non-encrusted to totally encrusted cells spanning distances of a few hundred micrometers were observed. Cells exhibiting increased levels of encrustation along this gradient were studied down to the nm-scale using a combination of focused ion beam (FIB) milling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) at the C, O and N K-edges. Two different types of aragonite crystals were observed: one type was composed of needle-shaped nano-crystals growing outward from the cell body with a crystallographic orientation perpendicular to the cell wall, and another type was composed of larger crystals that progressively filled the cell interior. Organic matter (OM), initially co-localized with the cell, decreased in concentration and dispersed away from the cell while crystal growth occurred. As encrustation developed, OM progressively disappeared, but remaining OM showed the same spectroscopic signature. In the most advanced stages of fossilization, only the textural organization of the two types of aragonite recorded the initial cell morphology and spatial distribution.

scholarly journals Cyanobacterial calcification in modern microbialites at the submicrometer scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 5255-5266 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Couradeau ◽  
K. Benzerara ◽  
E. Gérard ◽  
I. Estève ◽  
D. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Advanced Stages

Abstract. The search for microfossils in the geological record has been a long-term challenge. Part of the problem comes from the difficulty of identifying such microfossils unambiguously, since they can be morphologically confused with abiotic biomorphs. One route to improve our ability to correctly identify microfossils involves studying fossilization processes affecting bacteria in modern settings. We studied the initial stages of fossilization of cyanobacterial cells in modern microbialites from Lake Alchichica (Mexico), a Mg-rich hyperalkaline crater lake (pH 8.9) hosting currently growing stromatolites composed of aragonite [CaCO3] and hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4(H2O)]. Most of the biomass associated with the microbialites is composed of cyanobacteria. Scanning electron microscopy analyses coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy observations were conducted to co-localize cyanobacterial cells and associated minerals. These observations showed that cyanobacterial cells affiliated with the order Pleurocapsales become specifically encrusted within aragonite with an apparent preservation of cell morphology. Encrustation gradients from non-encrusted to totally encrusted cells spanning distances of a few hundred micrometers were observed. Cells exhibiting increased levels of encrustation along this gradient were studied down to the nm scale using a combination of focused ion beam (FIB) milling, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) at the C, O and N K-edges. Two different types of aragonite crystals were observed: one type was composed of needle-shaped nano-crystals growing outward from the cell body with a crystallographic orientation perpendicular to the cell wall, and another type was composed of larger crystals that progressively filled the cell interior. Exopolymeric substances (EPS), initially co-localized with the cells, decreased in concentration and dispersed away from the cells while crystal growth occurred. As encrustation developed, EPS progressively disappeared, but remaining EPS showed the same spectroscopic signature. In the most advanced stages of fossilization, only the textural organization of the two types of aragonite recorded the initial cell morphology and spatial distribution.

scholarly journals Single shot laser ablation MC-ICP-MS for depth profile analysis of U isotopes in UO2 single crystals

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1965-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krachler ◽  
A. Bulgheroni ◽  
A. I. Martinez Ferri ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
A. Miard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Dual Beam ◽  
Icp Ms

Depth profiling of the n(235U)/n(238U) amount ratio in UO2 single crystals employing LA-MC-ICP-MS, a dual beam focused ion beam and confocal laser scanning profilometry.

Interspecies Uptake of Polymeric Microspheres

1998 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Thanos ◽  
Maryellen Sandor ◽  
Yong Jong ◽  
Jules Jacob ◽  
Kay-Pong Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Optical Sectioning ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Polymeric Microspheres ◽  
Particle Uptake

AbstractParticle uptake into intestinal tissue has seen increasing attention due to its implications in drug delivery. We attempted to observe a delivery system in vivo and examine uptake in different species. Microspheres were fabricated from polymers including polyanhydrides and delivered to an isolated loop of intestine in several species. The microspheres contained a dye either conjugated to a protein or incorporated freely and were used to qualitatively detect and locate the spheres in the villi of the length of the small intestine. Microspheres were dispersed, sized by a Coulter particle size analyzer, and characterized by confocal and cross-polarized light microscopy, FTIR and SEM. Coulter analysis revealed microspheres to be generally less than 5 microns in diameter. SEM typically showed homogeneous morphology among groups of microspheres. In vivo uptake experiments were performed in rodents, pigs, and ruminants using various microsphere formulations. Microspheres were delivered into the proximal end of the jejunum of anesthetized animals and allowed adequate transit time to be taken up. Animals were euthanized at various time points for explantation of tissue and sampling of blood. Excised samples were embedded inq polyvinyl alcohol, frozen, and cut into sections ranging between 7 and 14 μm in thickness. Our method of incorporating dyes allowed for simultaneous visualization by visible light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Two-fluorochrome fluorescence of the microspheres and optical sectioning confirmed the presence of microspheres within intestinal tissue. The amount of uptake depended on the animal model, the duration of the experiment, and the composition of the microsphere. An assay for either the fluorescent dye, the protein attached to it, or the polymer encapsulating it may enable us to determine intracellular concentrations of mierospheres for the quantification of uptake.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Palm-based Tibetan Butter Equivalent: Formulation, Rheology, Texture and Microstructure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuan-Guo Ma ◽  
Jie-Yu Li ◽  
Min Ji ◽  
Yoong Jun Hao ◽  
Xiao-Wei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Solid Fat Content ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Texture Characteristics ◽  
Resource Shortage

Palm-based Tibetan butter equivalent was developed and evaluated from formulation, rheology, texture to microstructure. Firstly, the compatibility of palm stearin and palm olein was ascertained. The formulations of palm-based Tibetan butter equivalent were then optimally developed using a combination of palm stearin (37.5%), palm olein (37.5%) and soybean oil (25%). These were found to contain high unsaturated fatty acids and analogous solid fat content (SFC) at varying temperatures. Moreover, the palm-based Tibetan butter equivalent (TBE) showed a shear-thinning behavior, a gel characteristic, good plasticity and comparable texture characteristics (such as hardness, adhesion, cohesiveness and elasticity) to traditional Tibetan butter (TB). Furthermore, as determined by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), the microstructures also showed a similar structure, thus further indicating that palm oil is a good candidate as a substitute in making Tibetan-style butter. Overall, the palm-based Tibetan butter equivalent was developed by physical technology and could assist in increasing the enjoyable population as well as addressing the challenge of resource shortage, geographical origin and season of production.

Characterization and Fault Identification of Copper BEOL sub-0.25μm Six Level Metal Microprocessor Designs

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Kane ◽  
K. L. DeVries ◽  
M. T. Tenney ◽  
A. K. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Fault Localization ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Induced Voltage ◽  
Scan Design

Abstract Characterizing and fault localizing sub 0.25μm six level copper BEOL microprocessor RISC designs operating above 450 MHz clock speeds pose significant challenges in functional defect localization and identification. The flip chip designs of these microprocessors with high numbers of I/O outputs can involve backside and frontside fault localization techniques such as emission microscopy, OBIC (Optical Beam Induced Current) using I.R. laser scanning microscopy, LIVA (Light Induced Voltage Alteration) [1,2], and PICA (Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis)[3,4], to identify the source of functional failures. Refined backside thinning techniques have been applied to optimize I.R. laser scanning microscopy and PICA localization of functional failures. In addition, products using highly structured test methods such as LSSD(Level Sensitive Scan Design) lend themselves to a highly software diagnosable category [5,6]. Such software diagnostics (LSSD diagnostics) when combined with image based fault localization has proven highly effective in pinpointing defects causing functional failures. Examples of electrical and physical characterization of functional logic failures in the six levels electroplated copper BEOL microprocessors will be described. In addition, the electrical characterization of submicron sized SRAM transistor devices using FIB (Focused Ion Beam Microscopy)deposited probe pads [7] will be detailed along with SEM and TEM micrographs of defects identified in this manner.

Nanofibrillated cellulose as a coating agent to improve print quality of synthetic fiber sheets

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
HITOMI HAMADA ◽  
DOUGLAS W. BOUSFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Coating Agent

To determine the potential of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) for use as a coating material, we studied the characteristics of several NFC-coated samples on a synthetic fiber sheet. We used two water-based printing methods to characterize the change in print quality and prepared two types of NFC by two different physical treatment methods. Various coat weights were applied onto synthetic fiber sheets, and the printability of the coated sheets was evaluated by ink absorption rates and print density. Ink pigment penetration was characterized with a confocal laser scanning microscope and a scanning electron microscope, with chemical analysis of samples using focused ion beam. The contact angle and the ink penetration rates decreased with increased coat weight of NFC. This result is the opposite of what the Lucas-Washburn equation would predict. For pigment-based flexographic inks, ink pigments were captured at the NFC layer. For dye-based inks, the ink components penetrated and moved through the NFC-coated layer. For ink-jet printing, the print quality improved with the NFC coating.

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