scholarly journals Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population of a Nigerian Rural Community

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Ejim ◽  
C. I. Okafor ◽  
A. Emehel ◽  
A. U. Mbah ◽  
U. Onyia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) causes of worldwide preventable morbidity and mortality. CVDs are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries, and rates are expected to rise over the next few decades. The prevalence of CVD risk factors is dramatically increasing in low-and middle-income African countries, particularly in urban areas. We carried out a cross-sectional population-based survey in Imezi-Owa, a rural community in South East Nigeria to estimate the prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors in both men and women aged 40–70 years. A total of 858 individuals made up of 247 (28.8%) males and 611 (71.2%) females were recruited. The mean age of the subjects was59.8±9.9years. The prevalence of the different cardiovascular risk factors among the 858 subjects was as follows: hypertension 398 (46.4%) subjects, generalized obesity as determined by BMI 257 (30%) subjects, abdominal obesity 266 (31%) subjects, dysglycaemia 38 (4.4%) subjects and hypercholesterolaemia 32 (3.7%) subjects. Prevalence of hypertension and dysglycaemia was higher in men while the others were higher in women. Only hypertension (P=.117) and hypercholesterolaemia (P=.183) did not reveal any significant association with gender. Prevalence of CVD risk factors was highest in subjects aged 65 to 70 years.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from indigenous areas of Chiapas, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Flores-Guillen ◽  
Itandehui Castro-Quezada ◽  
Hector Ochoa ◽  
Rosario Garcia-Miranda ◽  
Miguel Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic and geographic areas of adolescents from indigenous areas of Chiapas, Mexico. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Communities in the Totzil - Tseltal and Selva region of Chiapas, Mexico, were studied. Urban and rural areas of high marginalization according to the Human Development Index. Participants: 253 adolescents were studied, of which 48.2% were girls and 51.8% were boys. Primary and secondary outcome measures: a descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables was performed through central tendency and dispersion measures. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), stratified by sex, geographic area (rural/urban), schooling and ethnicity of mothers were estimated. Results: the predominant risk factor in the study population was low HDL-c (51%). Higher prevalences of abdominal obesity and high triglycerides in girls were found and abnormal diastolic blood pressure in boys was identified. In urban areas were found greater prevalences of overweight/obesity and of insulin resistance while abnormal blood pressure levels were more prevalent in rural areas. Differences were found in the educational levels and ethnicity of the adolescents' mothers. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 10% according to NCEP-ATPIII. Conclusions: In this study, sociodemographic and geographical disparities were found in cardiovascular risk factors. Prevalence of risk factors was high, affecting mostly girls and urban population. Thus, there is a great need to promote healthy lifestyles and health, social and economic interventions to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood.

scholarly journals Changes to cardiovascular risk factors over 7 years: a prospective cohort study of in situ urbanised residents in the Chaoyang District of Beijing

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e033548
Author(s):  
Zhe Li ◽  
Shicheng Yu ◽  
Xiaoyan Han ◽  
Jianjun Liu ◽  
Hongyan Yao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Rural Residents

ObjectivesTo examine changes in cardiovascular risk factors of in situ urbanised residents between 2010 and 2017.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.SettingThe Chaoyang District of Beijing, China.ParticipantsA total of 942 in situ urbanised rural residents aged 35–64 who participated in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors study in China between 2010 and 2017.Main outcome measuresLifestyles (smoking, drinking and effective exercise) and medical history (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, overweight and obesity) were self-reported. New cases of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, overweight and obesity were confirmed by physical examination or blood biochemical tests. Multiple linear regression and log-binomial models analyses adjusted for sociodemographic confounders were conducted to evaluate any changes of clinical indexes and to estimate prevalence rate ratios (PRRs), respectively.ResultsDuring the study period of 2010–2017, diastolic blood pressure elevated by 3.55 mm Hg, central blood pressure increased by 4.39 mm Hg, total cholesterol decreased by 0.29 mmol/L and hypertension increased significantly (PRR=1.25, p<0.05) after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle and family history factors. Effective exercise rate (PRR=1.57), prevalence of diabetes (PRR=1.36) and dyslipidaemia (PRR=1.19) all increased from 2010 to 2017. However, these changes were not significant after adjusting for confounders (p>0.05). Prevalence of smoking, drinking, hypertension, overweight and obesity was significantly higher in males than females in both 2010 and 2017. In 2017, the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic CVD increased in 29.8% of participants and decreased in 6.1% of individuals.ConclusionsCVD risk factors augmented remarkably for in situ urbanised rural residents aged 35–64 in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, especially those indicators related to blood pressure. Awareness of the direction and magnitude of these risk factor changes may be beneficial in informing targeted strategies for preventing CVDs of in situ urbanised populations.

scholarly journals Knowledge regarding lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in rural community

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 062-071
Author(s):  
Priti Lata Mondal ◽  
Jayanta Sadhu ◽  
Abdul Karim ◽  
Beauty Begum
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making it a major public health problem in Bangladesh also. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Joykhali village, Batiaghata upazilla in Khulna district from January to December 2019 to assess the level of knowledge regarding lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors in rural community. A total of 288 people were selected from each house by conveniently. Data were collected by using pre tested semi-structured questionnaire with face-to-face interview. Out of the 288 respondents, 43 (14.9%) had good knowledge while others had average (n=211, 73.3%) and poor (n=34, 11.8%) knowledge regarding risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Only 25 (8.7%) respondents had good knowledge while others had average (n=190, 66.0%) and poor (n=73, 25.3%) knowledge regarding sign and symptoms of cardiovascular disease. Majority of the respondents (61.1%) had good knowledge while others had average (n=105, 36.5%) and poor (n=7, 2.4%) knowledge regarding prevention of cardiovascular disease. There is an apparent need to establish more wide-spread and effective educational intervention, which should be sensitive to the abilities of targeted individuals.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk for Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disease in Ghana’s Northern Region A Cross-sectional Study of 4 Rural Districts using World Health Organization / International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) Risk Prediction Charts

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Skerratt ◽  
Olivia G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Cardiovascular Event ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional

Ghana is experiencing an increase in cardiovascular (CVD) -related mortality with poor rural communities suffering greater complications and premature deaths. The point of this exploratory research is to evaluate the prevalence of CVD risk factors and to calculate the cardiovascular risk among adults aged &gt; 40 years in Ghana&rsquo;s Northern Region. A cross-sectional study was performed with 536 subjects. A pre-tested questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and standardized WHO/ISH risk prediction charts assessed for 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal major cardiovascular event according to age, sex, blood pressure, smoking status, and diabetes mellitus status. Low, moderate and high CVD prevalence risk in females was 88.4%, 7.1%, and 4.5% while in males the prevalence was 91.3%, 5.8%, and 2.9%, respectively. Hypertension was noted as a clinically significant risk factor with females at 37.3% versus males at 32%. The 10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event was statistically significant for females according to age group. A moderate to high CVD risk of a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event was found in 10.4% of subjects. Notable CVD risk factors included a high prevalence of hypertension. Decentralizing care to local village healthcare facilities is one way to tackle cardiovascular risk reduction. Task shifting of primary care duties from physicians to nurses in terms of cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment and management of uncomplicated CV risk factors is a potential solution to the acute shortage of trained health staffs for the control and prevention of CVD in Northern Ghana.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among municipality workers in Chitradurga, South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1594
Author(s):  
Nalina T. ◽  
Ghouse Phasha ◽  
Prashanth G. ◽  
Sree Devi B. K.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
South India ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Life Years ◽  
History Of

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single largest cause for mortality and morbidity in the world. In India, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were responsible for 53% of deaths and 44% of disability adjusted life years lost. Appropriate assessment and management of cardiovascular risk is vital to prevent fatal and non-fatal heart attacks and strokes and to improve health outcomes in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and HT are common diseases in adulthood, pre-disposing to many cardiovascular complications, posing a major public health challenge.This study aims to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, HT, smoking, alcohol intake, dyslipidaemia and obesity among Municipality workers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between Jan 2019-June 2019 among 100 Municipality workers in Chitradurga, South India. Socio-demographic details and some of the risk factors such as alcohol intake and smoking history were obtained using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire. Blood pressure & waist circumference were measured by standard methods. Fasting blood sugar & lipid profile were measured.Results: Mean age of study participants was 38.03 years (SD ± 10.9). Out of the study subjects, 21% were known diabetic and 22% were known hypertensive. 34% of the participants had cholesterol level higher than the desirable level of 200 mg/dL. Around 72% had a history of alcohol consumption and 13% had a history of tobacco smoking during the last 1 month. The prevalence of overweight based on BMI (BMI >23) is higher among Municipality workers (56%) compared to the general population (35.4%).Conclusions: Burden of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and HT were high among Municipality Workers of Chitradurga.

scholarly journals P665 Cardiovascular risk profile in chronic auto-inflammatory diseases: a cross-sectional single center study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S589-S590
Author(s):  
J A M Sleutjes ◽  
J E Roeters van Lennep ◽  
P J P Verploegh ◽  
M B A van Doorn ◽  
M Vis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Profile ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Chronic auto-inflammatory diseases are associated with an increased risk of arterial and venous cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Pathogenesis may be related to chronic inflammation and/or traditional CVD risk factors. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CVD and cardiovascular risk profile in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis (PSO) and spondylarthropathies (SpA). Methods This is a single center cross-sectional study at the depts. of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology. Patients ≥18 years underwent body measurements (blood pressure (BP), BMI, waist and hip circumference), laboratory analysis (plasma glucose, lipid spectrum) and completed a cardiovascular questionnaire (e.g. history of CVD, medication use). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models corrected for age and sex were applied to identify differences between groups.. Sensitivity analyses were performed excluding patients taking statins or anti hypertensive drugs. Within groups, association between lipid levels and clinical disease activity was assessed by stratification, and with CRP levels by Pearson correlation test. Results A total of 668 patients were included (335 males (50%), median age 47 years: 459 IBD (69%), 106 PSO (16%) and 103 SpA patients (15%). (Table 1) The prevalence of venous thromboembolisms was 6%, heart failure 3% and arterial CVD 8%. IBD patients had lower BMI, systolic BP, TC and LDL-c levels, and lower odds ratio of having diabetes, overweight and hypercholesterolemia, as compared to PSO and SpA, but a higher odds ratio of having VTE. (Table 2) These results were independent of statin of anti hypertensive drug use. All groups showed a trend towards higher levels of TC, HDL-c and LDL-c during disease remission as compared to active disease (Figure 1) Overall, TC and LDL-c levels were inversely correlated with CRP (R -.145, p=.002 and R -.111, p=.016); within groups a significant association was only observed in IBD. (Table 3, Figure 2) Conclusion IBD patients have a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile, as compared to PSO and SpA. Screening and early intervention for CVD risk factors requires different strategies for each population.

scholarly journals Thirty year trends in cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among Siberian adolescents (1989-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Aim of the study was to assess trends of cardiovascular risk factors among Siberian adolescents during the last 30 years including period of Russian reforms (1989-2019). Methods Seven cross-sectional surveys of representative samples of school children aged 14-18 since 1989 (every 5 years) were carried out. Body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Self-reported smoking and physical activity rates were obtained. To define overweight the sex- and age-specific IOTF cutoffs for BMI were used. Hypertension (HT) and lipid disorders were revealed according to international criteria. Results Prevalence of high TC significantly decreased from 22 to 4% (p &lt; 0,01) in males and from 32 to 17% (p &lt; 0,05) in females. High LDL-C showed similar trends. Prevalence of low HDL-C was stable with some fluctuations. In the period of Russian reforms (1989-1999) the prevalence of overweight significantly decreased from 12% in boys and from 14% in girls in 1989 to 4% in 1999 (p &lt; 0,01). Since 2003 rapid increasing of overweight was observed. Trends of HT have shown double decreasing during the reform period and stabilization in the post-reform time. So, since 2003 discordant trends in HT and overweight were revealed. Physical activity was stably low in boys (49-55%) and girls (83-73%). Average weekly screen time doubled from 15 (2009) to 30 h/w (2019), p &lt; 0,05. Cigarette smoking rates in boys dramatically decreased from 45% (1989) to 3% (2019), in girls - from 19% to 5% (p &lt; 0,01). Smoking of electronic devices was registered in 2019: 6% among boys and 3% among girls. Conclusions Obtained data indicate on trends to reduction in CVD risk profile among Siberian adolescents during the period of Russian reforms. Discordant trends of HT and overweight were revealed. The study was supported by RFBR grant 19-013-00800. Key messages Long time changes in cardiovascular risk profile among Siberian adolescents were registered. Against the background of a decrease in combustible smoking among adolescents, electronic smoking began to register.

scholarly journals Clinical characterization, cardiovascular risk factor profile and cardiac strain analysis in a Uganda cancer population: The SATRACD study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249717
Author(s):  
Wanzhu Zhang ◽  
Feriel Azibani ◽  
Emmy Okello ◽  
James Kayima ◽  
Isaac Sinabulya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

Background The link between cancer and cardiovascular disease is firmly established. We sought to investigate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Uganda cancer patients, their pre-chemotherapy left ventricular strain echocardiographic pattern and its associations with the CVD risk factors. Methods and results Baseline pre-chemotherapy data of patients who were enrolled in the SATRACD study (a cancer cohort, who were planned for anthracycline therapy), were analyzed. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and baseline strain echocardiographic images were assessed. Among the 355 patients who were recruited over a period of 15 months, 283 (79.7%) were female, with a mean age of 43 years. The types of cancer of the study patients included breast cancer (70.6%), lymphomas, sarcomas, leukemias and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (27.0%). The prevalence of obesity was 12.1% and that of HIV was 18.3%. All patients had a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The mean global longitudinal strain (GLS) was -20.92 ±2.43%, with females having a significantly higher GLS than males (-21.09±2.42 vs -20.25±2.39, p = 0.008). Fifty-three patients (14.9%) had suboptimal GLS (absolute GLS≤18.00%), which was associated with obesity (POR = 3.07; 95% CI, 1.31–6.98; p = 0.003), alcohol use (POR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.01–3.74; p = 0.044), long QTc interval in electrocardiogram (POR = 2.54; 95% CI, 1.06–5.74; p = 0.015,) and impaired left ventricular relaxation (POR = 2.24; 95% CI, 1.17–4.25; p = 0.007). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, obesity (POR = 2.95; 95% CI, 1.24–7.03; p = 0.014) was the only independent factor associated with suboptimal GLS. Conclusion There is high prevalence and a unique pattern of cardiovascular risk factors in Uganda cancer patients. In cancer patients with cardiovascular risk conditions, there is reduction in GLS despite preserved LVEF. Longitudinal research is needed to study the predictive value of cardiovascular risk factors and baseline GLS for post chemotherapy cardiac dysfunction.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Jones ◽  
Amal R Khanolkar ◽  
Evelien Gevers ◽  
Terence Stephenson ◽  
Rakesh Amin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Diabetes Duration ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

BackgroundFor childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is greatly accelerated and results in early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality. However, cardioprotective interventions in this age group are not routinely undertaken.AimsTo document prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis of childhood T1D and their relationship with disease duration and ethnicity.MethodsRoutinely collected clinical records for 565 children with T1D were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected from diagnosis and at routine check-ups at pediatric diabetes clinics across Barts Health National Health Service Trust. Age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (0.9–19.4). Mean follow-up 4.3 years (0–10.8). 48% were boys and 60% were non-white. Linear longitudinal mixed effects models were used to evaluate relationships between risk factors and diabetes duration.ResultsCVD risk factors were present at first screening; 33.8% of children were overweight or obese, 20.5% were hypertensive (elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP)) and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were abnormal in 63.5%, 34.2% and 22.0%, respectively. Significant associations between diabetes duration and annual increases of body mass index (0.6 kg/m2), BP (0.1 SD score) and lipids (0.02–0.06 mmol/L) were noted. Annual increases were significantly higher in black children for BP and Bangladeshi children for lipids. Bangladeshi children also had greatest baseline levels.ConclusionsCVD risk factors are present in up to 60% of children at diagnosis of T1D and increase in prevalence during the early years of the disease. Commencing screening in younger children and prioritizing appropriate advice and attention to ethnic variation when calculating risk should be considered.

scholarly journals Does transition through menopause affect cardiovascular disease risk factors? Results from a population-based cohort (CoLaus study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Raguindin ◽  
I Cardona ◽  
T Muka ◽  
I Lambrinoudaki ◽  
C Gebhard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk

Abstract Introduction Menopause has been associated with adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile, yet it is unclear whether the changes in CVD risk factors differ by reproductive stage independently of underlying aging trajectories. We examined whether reproductive stages are differently associated with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Methods This is a prospective population-based cohort study. We used data from women at baseline and follow-up (mean 5.5 years). We classified women into (i) premenopausal, (ii) menopausal transition, (iii) early (≤5 years), and (iv) late (&gt;5 years) postmenopausal by comparing their menstruation status at baseline and follow-up. In the cross-sectional analysis, we compared CVD risk factors at baseline across different reproductive stages using multivariable linear regression models. In the longitudinal analysis, we used multivariable linear mixed models. We used premenopausal women as a reference category and adjusted our analyses for age, medications, hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle, body mass index (BMI) at baseline and follow-up. Results We used the data from 2,558 women aged 35–75 years. At baseline, compared to premenopausal women, (i) transition and early postmenopausal groups had higher HDL, (ii) early- and late postmenopausal women had higher BMI, total cholesterol, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 levels, and (iii) all other women groups had higher diastolic blood pressure and glucose levels, while no differences were observed in the other CVD risk factors. At follow-up, women across the four reproductive categories showed an increase in BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose compared to baseline. However, linear mixed models showed that, the changes in CVD risk factors were not significantly different in the other three menopausal categories compared to premenopausal women. When using age as a predictor variable and adjusting for menopause status, most of the CVD risk factors increased, while interleukin 6 and interleukin 1b decreased with advancing age. The estimates did not change when the analyses were restricted to women who did not report hormone therapy-use. Conclusion The current study suggests that women have a worsening of cardiovascular risk profile as they age, and although menopausal women may have higher levels of cardiovascular risk factors compared to premenopausal women at any given time, the five year changes in cardiovascular risk factors may not depend on menopausal status per se. More studies are still needed to disentangle the contribution of age and menopause in postmenopausal CVD risk, and other pathways not explored in this study. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): COLAUS was supported by a research grants from GlaxoSmithKline and the Swiss National Science Foundation and

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