scholarly journals On the Breeding of Bivoltine Breeds of the Silkworm,Bombyx moriL. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), Tolerant to High Temperature and High Humidity Conditions of the Tropics

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harjeet Singh ◽  
N. Suresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Tropics

The hot climatic conditions of tropics prevailing particularly in summer are contributing to the poor performance of the bivoltine breeds and the most important aspect is that many quantitative characters such as viability and cocoon traits decline sharply when temperature is high. Hence, in a tropical country like India, it is very essential to develop bivoltine breeds/hybrids which can withstand the high temperature stress conditions. This has resulted in the development of CSR18×CSR19, compatible hybrid for rearing throughout the year by utilizing Japanese thermotolerant hybrids as breeding resource material. Though, the introduction of CSR18×CSR19 in the field during summer months had considerable impact, the productivity level and returns realized do not match that of other productive CSR hybrids. Therefore, the acceptance level of this hybrid with the farmers was not up to the expected level. This has necessitated the development of a temperature tolerant hybrid with better productivity traits than CSR18×CSR19. Though, it was a difficult task to break the negative correlation associated with survival and productivity traits, attempts on this line had resulted in the development of CSR46×CSR47, a temperature tolerant bivoltine hybrid with better productivity traits than CSR18×CSR19. However, though, these hybrids are tolerant to high temperature environments, they are not tolerant to many of the silkworm diseases. Keeping this in view, an attempt is made to develop silkworm hybrids tolerant to high temperature environments.

scholarly journals Impact of High Temperature Stress in Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-110
Author(s):  
E. Umarani ◽  
◽  
V. Hemalatha ◽  
A. Saritha ◽  
A. V. Ramanjaneyulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Oryza Glaberrima ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Genetic Source ◽  
The Tropics

Global warming has become a big concern in the world and it has been continuously increasing in recent decades due to the greenhouse effect. The increase in temperature has been striking and it can cause irreversible damage to plant growth and development. Though rice originates from the tropics, high temperatures of more than 35 °C during the reproductive stages reduces rice production, especially when the rice plant flowers when the high temperature occurs because it causes low seed setting and low yield. It was found that rice grain yield declined by 10% for each 1 °C increase in growing-season minimum temperature. Early-morning flowering is an important criteria in rice which escapes plant from high temperatures during peak period. It was found that Oryza glaberrima, a wild species of rice, is a useful genetic source since it has a habit of early-morning flowering and high transpiration with sufficient water, both of which are convenient traits for avoiding heat stress.

scholarly journals Assessing antioxidant system and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds under elevated temperature condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
L. Priyanandhini ◽  
M. K. Kalarani ◽  
A. Senthil ◽  
N. Senthil ◽  
K. Anitha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Maize Inbreds

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important food and feed crop grown under diverse soil and climatic conditions. Among the cereals, demand for maize is increasing year after year, but fluctuation in climatic conditions especially the temperature extremes is the current and future threat in maize cultivation. Each degree Celsius increase in global mean temperature causes yield reduction up to 7.4 per cent in maize. The high temperature stress impact at the reproductive stage affects grain filling rate and duration. Adaptation of maize crop to future warmer climatic conditions requires a better understanding of physiological responses to elevated temperatures. With this view, a pot culture experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, TNAU, Coimbatore during the summer season of 2020. Two maize inbreds viz., UMI 1230 and CBM-DL- 322 were taken for the study and exposed to high temperature stress treatments viz., T1 - ambient, T2 - ambient+4°C and T3 - ambient+6°C (44°C) for 10 days during the reproductive stage to assess the changes in biochemical and yield traits. The ambient+4ºC treatment revealed that the maize inbred line CBM-DL-322 recorded lower malondialdehyde content with over production of antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase). Cob weight and seed set parentage showed a negative correlation with both elevated temperatures. It is concluded that the maize inbreds line CBM-DL- 322 performed better at an elevated temperature at ambient+4°C and recorded more cob weight (57.09g) compared to UMI 1230 inbred (43.56g).

scholarly journals Heat Stress in Cotton: A Review on Predicted and Unpredicted Growth-Yield Anomalies and Mitigating Breeding Strategies

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Sajid Majeed ◽  
Iqrar Ahmad Rana ◽  
Muhammad Salman Mubarik ◽  
Rana Muhammad Atif ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Cotton Fibres ◽  
Transgenic Technologies ◽  
Global Population

The demand for cotton fibres is increasing due to growing global population while its production is facing challenges from an unpredictable rise in temperature owing to rapidly changing climatic conditions. High temperature stress is a major stumbling block relative to agricultural production around the world. Therefore, the development of thermo-stable cotton cultivars is gaining popularity. Understanding the effects of heat stress on various stages of plant growth and development and its tolerance mechanism is a prerequisite for initiating cotton breeding programs to sustain lint yield without compromising its quality under high temperature stress conditions. Thus, cotton breeders should consider all possible options, such as developing superior cultivars through traditional breeding, utilizing molecular markers and transgenic technologies, or using genome editing techniques to obtain desired features. Therefore, this review article discusses the likely effects of heat stress on cotton plants, tolerance mechanisms, and possible breeding strategies.

Evaluation of Finger millet as heat tolerant crop using physiological and biochemical assays

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Singh1 ◽  
Suphiya Khan ◽  
Jasdeep C. Padaria ◽  
Amolkumar U. Solanke
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Relative Water

Under changing climatic conditions, high temperature stress is the most severe problem for the whole agriculture. Identification and utilization of crop plants which can sustain and yield better under high temperature conditions is need of the day. In this study, we established finger millet as thermotolerant crop. For this, we characterized thermotolerant cotton, thermosensitive wheat along with finger millet by MDA accumulation after heat stress and shown that finger millet is even better than cotton. Further, using seed germination test and growing seedlings at higher temperature, it was observed thatfinger millet was least affected at 42 oCwhereas germination percent and fresh weight reduced at 47 oC. With biochemical assay, it was shown that finger millet had very less difference at 42 oC as compared to 37 oC, however there is significant reduction at 47 oC in chlorophyll and carotenoid content and relative water content (RWC) percent whereas increase in electrolyte leakage (%) and H2O2 and O2 concentration. Still finger millet plants can tolerate temperature of 47 oC.Overall, the present study strongly identified finger millet as thermotolerant crop and can be utilized for allele mining of known genes and prospecting of novel genes for crop improvement for high temperature stress.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS WHEAT GENOTYPES AT VARIOUS PEG CONCENTRATION IN HYDROPONIC

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Muh. Farid Bdr
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Plot Design

Wheat is a sub-tropical cereal that can be planted in the tropics, on the highland with altitude >1000 m asl. The development of wheat in the highlands compete with horticultural crops, so the creation of tropical wheat that is adaptive to lowland and drought tolerance is an alternative problem-solving. The aims of this study is to test the generation and to screen three type of  mutant that is adaptive in lowland with high temperature. The study was conducted at Tamalanrea Jaya, Tamalanrea regency, Makassar province from May to August 2017. The research was conducted on hydroponic media in the plastic house (green house) at altitude <800 m asl with an average temperature of 28oC (morning) and an average temperature of 33oC (afternoon). The study was used split-plot design with the main plot of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ie 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%; the plot was 15 wheat genotypes. The results showed that the addition of PEG concentrations at 5%, 10% and 15% decreased the crop yield by 35.91%, 55.63%, and 71.83%. Adaptive and potential genotypes developed in lowland with dry climatic conditions are genotype N.200 2.4.B.6 and genotype N.300 4.3.6

scholarly journals Proteomics of Two Thermotolerant Isolates of Trichoderma under High-Temperature Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Sowmya Poosapati ◽  
Prasad Durga Ravulapalli ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Viswanathaswamy ◽  
Monica Kannan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Protein Response

Several species of the soil borne fungus of the genus Trichoderma are known to be versatile, opportunistic plant symbionts and are the most successful biocontrol agents used in today’s agriculture. To be successful in field conditions, the fungus must endure varying climatic conditions. Studies have indicated that a high atmospheric temperature coupled with low humidity is a major factor in the inconsistent performance of Trichoderma under field conditions. Understanding the molecular modulations associated with Trichoderma that persist and deliver under abiotic stress conditions will aid in exploiting the value of these organisms for such uses. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry, was used to identify proteins associated with thermotolerance in two thermotolerant isolates of Trichoderma: T. longibrachiatum 673, TaDOR673 and T. asperellum 7316, TaDOR7316; with 32 differentially expressed proteins being identified. Sequence homology and conserved domains were used to identify these proteins and to assign a probable function to them. The thermotolerant isolate, TaDOR673, seemed to employ the stress signaling MAPK pathways and heat shock response pathways to combat the stress condition, whereas the moderately tolerant isolate, TaDOR7316, seemed to adapt to high-temperature conditions by reducing the accumulation of misfolded proteins through an unfolded protein response pathway and autophagy. In addition, there were unique, as well as common, proteins that were differentially expressed in the two isolates studied.

scholarly journals Proteomic analysis reveals different sets of proteins expressed during high temperature stress in two thermotolerant isolates of Trichoderma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sowmya Poosapati ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Viswanathaswamy ◽  
Durga Prasad Ravulapalli ◽  
Monica Kannan
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Abiotic Stress Condition

Several species of the soil borne fungus of the genus Trichoderma are known to be versatile, opportunistic plant symbionts, and are the most successful biocontrol agents used in today's agriculture. To be successful in the field conditions, the fungus must endure varying climatic conditions. Studies have indicated that high atmospheric temperature coupled with low humidity is a major limitation for the inconsistent performance of Trichoderma under field conditions. Understanding the molecular modulation associated with such Trichoderma that persist and deliver under abiotic stress condition will aid in exploiting the worth of these organisms for such use. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and matrix assisted laser desorption/time of flight (MALDI-TOF-TOF) mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins associated with thermotolerance in two thermotolerant isolates of Trichoderma: T. longibrachiatum 673, TaDOR673 and T. asperellum 7316, TaDOR7316 and 32 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Sequence homology and conserved domains were used to identify these proteins and to assign probable function to them. Thermotolerant isolate, TaDOR673, seemed to employ the stress signaling MAPK pathways and heat shock response pathways to combat the stress condition whereas the moderately tolerant isolate, TaDOR7316, seemed to adapt to high temperature conditions by reducing the accumulation of misfolded proteins through unfolded protein response pathway and autophagy. Also, there were unique as well as common proteins that were differentially expressed in the two isolates studied.

The Roma in Post-Communist Bulgaria: Growing Social Marginalization and State Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yorgos Christidis
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Social Marginalization ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Poor

This article analyzes the growing impoverishment and marginalization of the Roma in Bulgarian society and the evolution of Bulgaria’s post-1989 policies towards the Roma. It examines the results of the policies so far and the reasons behind the “poor performance” of the policies implemented. It is believed that Post-communist Bulgaria has successfully re-integrated the ethnic Turkish minority given both the assimilation campaign carried out against it in the 1980s and the tragic events that took place in ex-Yugoslavia in the 1990s. This Bulgaria’s successful “ethnic model”, however, has failed to include the Roma. The “Roma issue” has emerged as one of the most serious and intractable ones facing Bulgaria since 1990. A growing part of its population has been living in circumstances of poverty and marginalization that seem only to deteriorate as years go by. State policies that have been introduced since 1999 have failed at large to produce tangible results and to reverse the socio-economic marginalization of the Roma: discrimination, poverty, and social exclusion continue to be the norm. NGOs point out to the fact that many of the measures that have been announced have not been properly implemented, and that legislation existing to tackle discrimination, hate crime, and hate speech is not implemented. Bulgaria’s political parties are averse in dealing with the Roma issue. Policies addressing the socio-economic problems of the Roma, including hate speech and crime, do not enjoy popular support and are seen as politically damaging.

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