scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Petrasek ◽  
Pranoti Mandrekar ◽  
Gyongyi Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Intracellular Signaling Pathways ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

In the multifactorial pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), inflammatory cascade activation plays a central role. Recent studies demonstrated that Toll-like Receptors, the sensors of microbial and endogenous danger signals, are expressed and activated in innate immune cells as well as in parenchymal cells in the liver and thereby contribute to ALD. In this paper, we discuss the importance of gut-derived endotoxin and its recognition by TLR4. The significance of TLR-induced intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine production as well as the contribution of reactive oxygen radicals is evaluated. The contribution of TLR signaling to induction of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular cancer is reviewed in the context of alcohol-induced liver disease.

Outcomes of curative treatment for hepatocellular cancer in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease

Hepatology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1809-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinevas K. Reddy ◽  
Jennifer L. Steel ◽  
Hui-Wei Chen ◽  
David J. DeMateo ◽  
Jon Cardinal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Hepatocellular Cancer ◽  
Curative Treatment

scholarly journals Aspergillus fumigatus antigens activate innate immune cells via toll-like receptors 2 and 4

2004 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylla Braedel ◽  
Markus Radsak ◽  
Hermann Einsele ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé ◽  
Andreas Michan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

Role of Toll-like receptors in liver health and disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Broering ◽  
Mengji Lu ◽  
Joerg F. Schlaak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Molecular Patterns

TLRs (Toll-like receptors), as evolutionarily conserved germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, have a crucial role in early host defence by recognizing so-called PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and may serve as an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the liver, TLRs play an important role in the wound healing and regeneration processes, but they are also involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various inflammatory liver diseases, including autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrogenesis, and chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) infection. Hepatitis viruses have developed different evading strategies to subvert the innate immune system. Thus recent studies have suggested that TLR-based therapies may represent a promising approach in the treatment in viral hepatitis. The present review focuses on the role of the local innate immune system, and TLRs in particular, in the liver.

scholarly journals Redox Signaling and the Innate Immune System in Alcoholic Liver Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica I. Cohen ◽  
Xiaocong Chen ◽  
Laura E. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals TAM Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Liver Disease

Livers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Emilio Flint ◽  
Evangelos Triantafyllou ◽  
Christine Bernsmeier
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Acute Liver Injury ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Tam Receptors ◽  
Receptor Inhibition ◽  
Receptor Biology ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that are expressed in a variety of cell populations, including liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. These receptors are vital for immune homeostasis, as they regulate the innate immune response by suppressing inflammation via toll-like receptor inhibition and by promoting tissue resolution through efferocytosis. However, there is increasing evidence indicating that aberrant TAM receptor signaling may play a role in pathophysiological processes in the context of liver disease. This review will explore the roles of TAM receptors and their ligands in liver homeostasis as well as a variety of disease settings, including acute liver injury, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction and hepatocellular carcinoma. A better understanding of our current knowledge of TAM receptors in liver disease may identify new opportunities for disease monitoring as well as novel therapeutic targets. Nonetheless, this review also aims to highlight areas where further research on TAM receptor biology in liver disease is required.

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