scholarly journals A Short Surface Pathway of the Subsurface Indonesian Throughflow Water from the Java Coast Associated with Upwelling, Ekman Transport, and Subduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinu Valsala ◽  
Shamil Maksyutov
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
Ocean General Circulation Model ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Ekman Transport ◽  
Indonesian Throughflow ◽  
The South ◽  
Wind Stress Curl

A surface pathway of the subsurface Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) in the southeastern Indian Ocean is proposed using a combined analysis of Lagrangian particles and passive tracers derived from two independent tools: an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA.2.0.2) reanalysis data. This newly suggested pathway follows the processes in succession as upwelling in the south Java coast, offshore Ekman drift and subduction into the thermocline centered on 20∘S. The upwelling of subsurface ITF along the south Java coast is found to occur from August to October. Upon surfacing, the ITF advects southwestward being trapped in the surface Ekman layer for an approximate period of 260 days and reaches the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean subduction zone centered on 20∘S which is demarcated by the Zero Wind Stress Curl (ZWSC) and subducts there. The particle trajectory revealed that during the subduction within the ZWSC region, the surface eastward flow above 120 m depth carries the particle about 10∘ to the east and westward flow below this depth carries the particle to the western Indian Ocean along the thermocline. These pathways are confirmed by a series of tracer experiments using SODA reanalysis data. The effects of vertical mixing and entrainment on the surfacing of the ITF at south Java coast were identified.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS AND VARIABILITY OF THE FLORES ITF AND ITS COHERENCE WITH THE SOUTH JAVA COASTAL CURRENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus S. Atmadipoera ◽  
Paradita Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Ocean General Circulation Model ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Coastal Current ◽  
Indonesian Throughflow ◽  
The South ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Transport Volume

Characteristics and transport variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) in the western Flores Sea (FS) and its coherency with the South Java Coastal Current (SJCC) fluctuation are investigated using validated ocean general circulation model output (2008-2014) from the INDESO configuration.  The results show that near-surface circulation in the study area is characterized by two distinct regimes:  strong southwestward ITF flow and quasi-transient anti-cyclonic eddies. Vertical dimension of ITF crossing 7.5°S is about 112 km width, 250 m depth, and high velocity core at thermocline >0.3 m/s.  Transport volume estimates along this latitude is -4.95 Sv (southward).  Bifurcation of ITF flow appears north offshore Lombok Island where -2.92 Sv flowing into Lombok Strait and the rest flowing eastward into FS. Meanwhile, vertical dimension of SJCC crossing 114°E is about 89 km width, 120 m depth, and high velocity core at sub-surface >0.35 m/s. Mean transport of SJCC is +2.65 Sv. Coherency between Flores ITF and SJCC transport variability on intra-seasonal scales is significantly high, e.g., on 30 day period (coher=0.92) and phase-lags of 0.6-day with SJCC leading to Flores ITF. This result confirmed previous studies, related to intrusion of coastally trapped Kelvin waves into Flores Sea via Lombok Strait. Keywords: Indonesian Throughflow, western Flores Sea, South Java Coastal Current

scholarly journals An efficient method to generate a perturbed parameter ensemble of a fully coupled AOGCM without flux-adjustment

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1447-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Irvine ◽  
L. J. Gregoire ◽  
D. J. Lunt ◽  
P. J. Valdes
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Parametric Uncertainty ◽  
Ocean General Circulation Model ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Entrainment Rate ◽  
Industrial Control ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fully Coupled ◽  
Flux Adjustment

Abstract. We present a simple method to generate a perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) of a fully-coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM), HadCM3, without requiring flux-adjustment. The aim was to produce an ensemble that samples parametric uncertainty in some key variables and gives a plausible representation of the climate. Six atmospheric parameters, a sea-ice parameter and an ocean parameter were jointly perturbed within a reasonable range to generate an initial group of 200 members. To screen out implausible ensemble members, 20 yr pre-industrial control simulations were run and members whose temperature responses to the parameter perturbations were projected to be outside the range of 13.6 ± 2 °C, i.e. near to the observed pre-industrial global mean, were discarded. Twenty-one members, including the standard unperturbed model, were accepted, covering almost the entire span of the eight parameters, challenging the argument that without flux-adjustment parameter ranges would be unduly restricted. This ensemble was used in 2 experiments; an 800 yr pre-industrial and a 150 yr quadrupled CO2 simulation. The behaviour of the PPE for the pre-industrial control compared well to ERA-40 reanalysis data and the CMIP3 ensemble for a number of surface and atmospheric column variables with the exception of a few members in the Tropics. However, we find that members of the PPE with low values of the entrainment rate coefficient show very large increases in upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour concentrations in response to elevated CO2 and one member showed an implausible nonlinear climate response, and as such will be excluded from future experiments with this ensemble. The outcome of this study is a PPE of a fully-coupled AOGCM which samples parametric uncertainty and a simple methodology which would be applicable to other GCMs.

scholarly journals Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: Studies with an Idealized Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3210-3228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Stuart Godfrey ◽  
Rui-Jin Hu ◽  
Andreas Schiller ◽  
R. Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Ekman Transport ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Northern Boundary

Abstract Annual mean net heat fluxes from ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are systematically too low in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to observations. In the models, only some of the geostrophic inflow replacing southward Ekman outflow is colder than the minimum sea surface temperature (MINSST). Observed heat fluxes imply that much more inflow is colder than MINSST. Since inflow below MINSST can only join the surface Ekman transport after diathermal warming, the OGCMs must underestimate diathermal effects. A crude analog of the annual mean Indian Ocean heat budget was generated, using a rectangular box model with a deep “Indo–Pacific” gap at 7°–10°S in its eastern side. Wind stress was zonal and proportional to the Coriolis parameter, so Ekman transport was spatially constant and equaled Sverdrup transport. For three experiments, zonally integrated Ekman transport was steady and southward at 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). In steady state, a 10 Sv “Indonesian Throughflow” fed a northward western boundary current of 10 Sv, which turned eastward along the northern boundary at 10°N to feed the southward Ekman transport. Most diathermal mixing occurred within an intense eddy in the northwest corner. Some of the geostrophic inflow was at temperatures colder than MINSST (found at the northeast corner of the eddy); it must warm to MINSST via diathermal mixing. Northern boundary upwelling exceeded the 10-Sv Ekman transport. The excess warms as it recirculates around the eddy, apparently supplying the heat to warm inflow below MINSST. In an experiment using the “flux-corrected transport” (FCT) scheme, diathermal mixing occurred in the strongly sheared currents around the eddy. However the Richardson number never became low enough to drive strong diathermal mixing, perhaps because (like that of other published models) the present model’s vertical resolution was too coarse. In three experiments, the dominant mixing was caused by horizontal diffusion, spurious convective overturn, and numerical mixing invoked by the FCT scheme, respectively. All three mixing mechanisms are physically suspect; such model problems (if widespread) must be resolved before the mismatch between observed and modeled heat fluxes can be addressed. However, the fact that the density profile at the western boundary must be hydrostatically stable places a lower limit on the area-integrated heat fluxes. Results from the three main experiments—and from many published OGCMs—are quite close to this lower limit.

scholarly journals Predictions of Indian Ocean SST Indices with a Simple Statistical Model: A Null Hypothesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 4930-4938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar Dommenget ◽  
Malte Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
General Circulation Model ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Sst Variability ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract Several recent general circulation model studies discuss the predictability of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode, suggesting that it is predictable because of coupled ocean–atmosphere interactions in the Indian Ocean. However, it is not clear from these studies how much of the predictability is due to the response to El Niño. It is shown in this note that a simple statistical model that treats the Indian Ocean as a red noise process forced by tropical Pacific SST shows forecast skills comparable to those of recent general circulation model studies. The results also indicate that some of the eastern tropical Indian Ocean SST predictability in recent studies may indeed be beyond the skill of the simple model proposed in this note, indicating that dynamics in the Indian Ocean may have caused this improved predictability in this region. The model further indicates that the IOD index may be the least predictable index of Indian Ocean SST variability. The model is proposed as a null hypothesis for Indian Ocean SST predictions.

scholarly journals Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on the Indonesian Throughflow in the Makassar Strait during the CINDY/DYNAMO Field Campaign

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (17) ◽  
pp. 6085-6108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Shinoda ◽  
Weiqing Han ◽  
Tommy G. Jensen ◽  
Luis Zamudio ◽  
E. Joseph Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Indonesian Throughflow ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Velocity Anomalies

Abstract Previous studies indicate that equatorial zonal winds in the Indian Ocean can significantly influence the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). During the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability (CINDY)/Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign, two strong MJO events were observed within a month without a clear suppressed phase between them, and these events generated exceptionally strong ocean responses. Strong eastward currents along the equator in the Indian Ocean lasted more than one month from late November 2011 to early January 2012. The influence of these unique MJO events during the field campaign on ITF variability is investigated using a high-resolution (1/25°) global ocean general circulation model, the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The strong westerlies associated with these MJO events, which exceed 10 m s−1, generate strong equatorial eastward jets and downwelling near the eastern boundary. The equatorial jets are realistically simulated by the global HYCOM based on the comparison with the data collected during the field campaign. The analysis demonstrates that sea surface height (SSH) and alongshore velocity anomalies at the eastern boundary propagate along the coast of Sumatra and Java as coastal Kelvin waves, significantly reducing the ITF transport at the Makassar Strait during January–early February. The alongshore velocity anomalies associated with the Kelvin wave significantly leads SSH anomalies. The magnitude of the anomalous currents at the Makassar Strait is exceptionally large because of the unique feature of the MJO events, and thus the typical seasonal cycle of ITF could be significantly altered by strong MJO events such as those observed during the CINDY/DYNAMO field campaign.

scholarly journals The dynamic connection of the Indonesian Throughflow, South Indian Ocean Countercurrent and the Leeuwin Current

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2231-2256
Author(s):  
E. Lambert ◽  
D. Le Bars ◽  
W. P. M. de Ruijter
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Coastal Current ◽  
Indonesian Throughflow ◽  
Boundary Current ◽  
South Indian Ocean ◽  
Leeuwin Current ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract. East of Madagascar, wind and surface buoyancy fluxes reinforce each other, leading to frontogenesis, outcrop and an eastward along-front flow: the South Indian Ocean Countercurrent (SICC). In the east the Leeuwin Current (LC) is a unique eastern boundary current which flows poleward along Australia. It is often described as a regional coastal current forced by an off-shore meridional density gradient or a sea surface slope, yet little is known of the forcing and dynamics that control these open ocean meridional gadients. To complete this understanding, we make use of both an ocean general circulation model and a conceptual two-layer model. The SICC impinges on west Australia and adds to a sea level slope and a southward geostrophic coastal jet: the Leeuwin Current. The SICC and the LC are thus dynamically connected. An observed transport maximum of the LC around 22° S is directly related to this impingement of the SICC. The circulation of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) through the Indian Ocean appears to be partly trapped in the upper layer north of the outcrop line and is redirected along this outcrop line to join the eastward flow of the SICC. Shutdown of the ITF in both models strongly decreases the Leeuwin Current transport and breaks the connection between the LC and SICC. In this case, most of the SICC was found to reconnect to the internal gyre circulation in the Indian Ocean. The Indonesian Throughflow, South Indian Ocean Countercurrent and the Leeuwin Current are thus dynamically coupled.

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