scholarly journals Cryptococcus gattii: Emergence in Western North America: Exploitation of a Novel Ecological Niche

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausik Datta ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
Kieren A. Marr
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Emergence

The relatively uncommon fungal pathogenCryptococcus gattiirecently emerged as a significant cause of cryptococcal disease in human and animals in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Although genetic studies indicated its possible presence in the Pacific Northwest for more than 30 years,C. gattiias an etiological agent was largely unknown in this region prior to 1999. The recent emergence may have been encouraged by changing conditions of climate or land use and/or host susceptibility, and predictive ecological niche modeling indicates a potentially wider spread.C. gattiican survive wide climatic variations and colonize the environment in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and dry climates. Long-term climate changes, such as the significantly elevated global temperature in the last 100 years, influence patterns of disease among plants and animals and create niche microclimates habitable by emerging pathogens.C. gattiimay have exploited such a hitherto unrecognized but clement environment in the Pacific Northwest to provide a wider exposure and risk of infection to human and animal populations.

scholarly journals Modeling the Putative Ancient Distribution of Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A H Peach ◽  
Benjamin J Matthews
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Niche Modeling ◽  
Interglacial Period ◽  
Last Interglacial

Abstract The coastal rock pool mosquito, Aedes (Tanakius) togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), is found in coastal east Asia in climates ranging from subtropical to subarctic. However, a disjunct population in the Pacific Northwest of North America has an ambiguous heritage. Two potential models explain the presence of Ae. togoi in North America: ancient Beringian dispersal or modern anthropogenic introduction. Genetic studies have thus far proved inconclusive. Here we described the putative ancient distribution of Ae. togoi habitat in east Asia and examined the climatic feasibility of a Beringian introduction into North America using modern distribution records and ecological niche modeling of bioclimatic data from the last interglacial period (~120,000 BP), the last glacial maximum (~21,000 BP), and the mid-Holocene (~6000 BP). Our results suggest that suitable climatic conditions existed for Ae. togoi to arrive in North America through natural dispersal as well as to persist there until present times. Furthermore, we find that ancient distributions of suitable Ae. togoi habitat in east Asia may explain the genetic relationships between Ae. togoi populations identified in other studies. These findings indicate the utility of ecological niche modeling as a complementary tool for studying insect phylogeography.

scholarly journals Dating the Cryptococcus gattii Dispersal to the North American Pacific Northwest

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandler C. Roe ◽  
Jolene Bowers ◽  
Hanna Oltean ◽  
Emilio DeBess ◽  
Philippe J. Dufresne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Dispersal Events

The recent emergence of the pathogenic fungusCryptococcus gattiiin the Pacific Northwest (PNW) resulted in numerous investigations into the epidemiological and enzootic impacts, as well as multiple genomic explorations of the three primary molecular subtypes of the fungus that were discovered. These studies lead to the general conclusion that the subtypes identified likely emerged out of Brazil. Here, we conducted genomic dating analyses to determine the ages of the various lineages seen in the PNW and propose hypothetical causes for the dispersal events. Bayesian evolutionary analysis strongly suggests that these independent fungal populations in the PNW are all 60 to 100 years old, providing a timing that is subsequent to the opening of the Panama Canal, which allowed for more direct shipping between Brazil and the western North American coastline, a possible driving event for these fungal translocation events.

First Report of Powdery Mildew of Lycium chinense (Chinese Matrimony Vine) Caused by Arthrocladiella mougeotii in the Pacific Northwest

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Dean A. Glawe
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Lycium Chinense ◽  
First Report ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Plant Grown

Chinese matrimony-vine (Lycium chinense Mill.) is a traditional medicinal plant grown in China and used as a perennial landscape plant in North America. This report documents the presence of powdery mildew on L. chinense in the Pacific Northwest and describes and illustrates morphological features of the causal agent. It appears to be the first report of a powdery mildew caused by Arthrocladiella in the Pacific Northwest. Accepted for publication 10 November 2004. Published 8 December 2004.

scholarly journals Azole Resistance in Cryptococcus gattii from the Pacific Northwest: Investigation of the Role ofERG11

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 5478-5485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Gast ◽  
Luiz R. Basso ◽  
Igor Bruzual ◽  
Brian Wong
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Azole Resistance ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Azole Antifungals ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Serious Infections

ABSTRACTCryptococcus gattiiis responsible for an expanding epidemic of serious infections in Western Canada and the Northwestern United States (Pacific Northwest). Some patients with these infections respond poorly to azole antifungals, and high azole MICs have been reported in Pacific NorthwestC. gattii. In this study, multiple azoles (but not amphotericin B) had higher MICs for 25 Pacific NorthwestC. gattiithan for 34 non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiior 20Cryptococcus neoformansstrains. We therefore examined the roles in azole resistance of overexpression of or mutations in the gene (ERG11) encoding the azole target enzyme.ERG11/ACT1mRNA ratios were higher inC. gattiithan inC. neoformans, but these ratios did not differ in Pacific Northwest and non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains, nor did they correlate with fluconazole MICs within any group. Three Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains with low azole MICs and 2 with high azole MICs had deduced Erg11p sequences that differed at one or more positions from that of the fully sequenced Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrain R265. However, the azole MICs for conditionalSaccharomyces cerevisiaeerg11mutants expressing the 5 variantERG11s were within 2-fold of the azole MICs forS. cerevisiaeexpressing theERG11gene fromC. gattiiR265, non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrain WM276, orC. neoformansstrains H99 or JEC21. We conclude that neitherERG11overexpression nor variations inERG11coding sequences was responsible for the high azole MICs observed for the Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains we studied.

Descriptors of natural thermal regimes in streams and their responsiveness to change in the Pacific Northwest of North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 880-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN ARISMENDI ◽  
SHERRI L. JOHNSON ◽  
JASON B. DUNHAM ◽  
ROY HAGGERTY
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Responsiveness To Change

scholarly journals Temporal Asynchrony of Adult Emergence Between Leucopis argenticollis and Leucopis piniperda (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), with Implications for Biological Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-828
Author(s):  
Alex N Neidermeier ◽  
Darrell W Ross ◽  
Nathan P Havill ◽  
Kimberly F Wallin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Two species of silver fly, Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and Leucopis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from the Pacific Northwest region of North America have been identified as potential biological control agents of hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges tsugae Annand) in eastern North America. The two predators are collectively synchronized with A. tsugae development. To determine whether adult emergence of the two species of silver fly are also synchronized with one another, we collected adult Leucopis which emerged from A. tsugae-infested western hemlock [Pinaceae: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] from four sites in the Pacific Northwest over a 29-d period. Specimens were collected twice daily in the laboratory and identified to species using DNA barcoding. The study found that more adult Leucopis were collected in the evening than the morning. Additionally, the daily emergences of adults over the 29-d sampling period exhibited sinusoidal-like fluctuations of peak abundance of each species, lending evidence to a pattern of temporal partitioning. This pattern could have logistical implications for their use as biological control agents in eastern North America, namely the need to release both species for maximum efficacy in decreasing A. tsugae populations.

Climate-induced expansions of invasive species in the Pacific Northwest, North America: a synthesis of observations and projections

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 2163-2183
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Gervais ◽  
Ryan Kovach ◽  
Adam Sepulveda ◽  
Robert Al-Chokhachy ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document