scholarly journals Dating the Cryptococcus gattii Dispersal to the North American Pacific Northwest

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandler C. Roe ◽  
Jolene Bowers ◽  
Hanna Oltean ◽  
Emilio DeBess ◽  
Philippe J. Dufresne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Dispersal Events

The recent emergence of the pathogenic fungusCryptococcus gattiiin the Pacific Northwest (PNW) resulted in numerous investigations into the epidemiological and enzootic impacts, as well as multiple genomic explorations of the three primary molecular subtypes of the fungus that were discovered. These studies lead to the general conclusion that the subtypes identified likely emerged out of Brazil. Here, we conducted genomic dating analyses to determine the ages of the various lineages seen in the PNW and propose hypothetical causes for the dispersal events. Bayesian evolutionary analysis strongly suggests that these independent fungal populations in the PNW are all 60 to 100 years old, providing a timing that is subsequent to the opening of the Panama Canal, which allowed for more direct shipping between Brazil and the western North American coastline, a possible driving event for these fungal translocation events.

scholarly journals On the Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in the Pacific Northwest: Ballast Tanks, Tsunamis, and Black Swans

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Engelthaler ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Swans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

ABSTRACT The appearance of Cryptococcus gattii in the North American Pacific Northwest (PNW) in 1999 was an unexpected and is still an unexplained event. Recent phylogenomic analyses strongly suggest that this pathogenic fungus arrived in the PNW approximately 7 to 9 decades ago. In this paper, we theorize that the ancestors of the PNW C. gattii clones arrived in the area by shipborne transport, possibly in contaminated ballast, and established themselves in coastal waters early in the 20th century. In 1964, a tsunami flooded local coastal regions, transporting C. gattii to land. The occurrence of cryptococcosis in animals and humans 3 decades later suggests that adaptation to local environs took time, possibly requiring an increase in virulence and further dispersal. Tsunamis as a mechanism for the seeding of land with pathogenic waterborne microbes may have important implications for our understanding of how infectious diseases emerge in certain regions. This hypothesis suggests experimental work for its validation or refutation.

THE SPECIES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LEAFHOPPERSCERATAGALLIAKIRKALDY ANDACERATAGALLIAKIRKALDY (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G.A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Washington State ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Two New Species

AbstractThe North American genusCeratagalliaKirkaldy, 1907 is redefined to include subgenusAceratagalliaKirkaldy, 1907 (=IoniaBall, 1933, syn.nov.) with 78 species in two subgenera. Two additional new species are unplaced to subgenus:C. aceratafrom Oregon, andC. emarginatafrom Mexico. The typical subgenusCeratagalliahas 30 species, includingC. gillettei(Osborn & Ball, comb.nov.),C. sordida(Oman, comb.nov.), and two new speciesC. anafrom Mexico andC. viperafrom Washington state. SubgenusAceratagalliahas 46 species, all new combinations underCeratagallia. The economic "species" formerly known as "sanguinolenta" is divided into the Canadian clover leafhopperC. humilis(Oman) and the American clover leafhopperC. agricolasp.nov. Other new taxa in subgenusAceratagalliainclude 18 new species and seven new subspecies:alaskana(ssp. ofsiccifolia)from Alaska;omanion the Pacific coast from Oregon to British Columbia;clinoandlophiafrom the Oregon interior;compressa(ssp. ofsiccifolia),gallus,modesta,okanagana, andzacki(ssp. ofnanella) from intermontane valleys of the Pacific northwest and southwestern mountains;interior(ssp. ofhumilis) androssifrom the Sonoran subregion;australis(ssp. ofnanella),coma,ebena,entoma,falcata,oionus, andvenosafrom Mexico and Texas;alvarana(ssp. ofhumilis),cerea,cristula,harrisi, semiarida, andviatorwidespread between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains; andwhitcombi(ssp. ofrobusta) from Florida to Arizona. Four former species are reduced to subspecies:compactaOman andpoudrisOman inC. robusta(Oman),helveolaOman inC. cinerea(Osborn & Ball), andtruncataOman inC. humilis. The taxa are keyed and illustrated, and their phylogeny is discussed.

A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE OMALIINE GENERA PORRHODITES KRAATZ AND OROCHARES KRAATZ (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 1227-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
New Synonymy

AbstractThe genus Porrhodites Kraatz is redescribed to include the Nearctic Paradeliphrum inflatum Hatch, as well as the Holarctic Porrhodites fenestralis (Zetterstedt). Orochares Kraatz is also redescribed to include Paradeliphrum (new synonymy). In addition to O. angustatus Erichson from Europe, O. japonicus Cameron from Japan and O. villiersi Jarrige from Iran, Orochares now includes two Nearctic species, Paradeliphrum tumidum Hatch from the Pacific Northwest and the new species O. suteri from Illinois and Wisconsin. Keys are provided to distinguish the North American species of each genus, and the major diagnostic characters of all included taxa are illustrated.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus gattii: Emergence in Western North America: Exploitation of a Novel Ecological Niche

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausik Datta ◽  
Karen H. Bartlett ◽  
Kieren A. Marr
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niche Modeling ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Recent Emergence

The relatively uncommon fungal pathogenCryptococcus gattiirecently emerged as a significant cause of cryptococcal disease in human and animals in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Although genetic studies indicated its possible presence in the Pacific Northwest for more than 30 years,C. gattiias an etiological agent was largely unknown in this region prior to 1999. The recent emergence may have been encouraged by changing conditions of climate or land use and/or host susceptibility, and predictive ecological niche modeling indicates a potentially wider spread.C. gattiican survive wide climatic variations and colonize the environment in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and dry climates. Long-term climate changes, such as the significantly elevated global temperature in the last 100 years, influence patterns of disease among plants and animals and create niche microclimates habitable by emerging pathogens.C. gattiimay have exploited such a hitherto unrecognized but clement environment in the Pacific Northwest to provide a wider exposure and risk of infection to human and animal populations.

Eriosomatine aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Eriosomatinae) associated with moss and roots of conifer and willow in forests of the Pacific Northwest of North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Pike ◽  
G. Graf ◽  
R.G. Foottit ◽  
H.E.L. Maw ◽  
C. von Dohlen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Sequence Matching ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
First Time

AbstractApterous adult morphs of eriosomatine aphids associated with moss (Bryophyta) and/or roots of conifer (Pinaceae) or willow (Salix Linnaeus (Salicaceae)) in forests of the North American Pacific Northwest including Alaska are described, illustrated, and keyed. In total, seven species (Clydesmithia canadensis Danielsson, Melaphis rhois (Fitch) (moss only feeder), Pachypappa rosettei (Maxson), Pachypappa sacculi (Gillette), Prociphilus americanus (Walker) (fir root only feeder), Prociphilus xylostei (De Geer), and Thecabius populimonilis (Riley)) are characterised from their secondary host habitats. Secondary host forms of C. canadensis and T. populimonilis are described for the first time. The morphotypes from the secondary hosts were confirmed through deoxyribonucleic acid sequence matching with those from the primary hosts.

North American rainfall patterns during past warm states: A proxy network-model comparison for the Last Interglacial and the mid-Holocene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron de Wet ◽  
Jessica Oster ◽  
Daniel Ibarra ◽  
Bryce Belanger
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
North American ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
The North ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

<p>The Last Interglacial (LIG) period (~129,000–116,000 years BP) and the mid-Holocene (MH) (~6,000 years BP) are the two most recent intervals with temperatures comparable to low emissions scenarios for the end of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. During the LIG and the MH differences in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation led to enhanced northern hemisphere high-latitude warmth relative to the pre-industrial, despite similar greenhouse gas concentrations, marking these intervals as potentially useful analogs for future change in regions like North America. Further, the inclusion of both LIG (127 ka) and MH (6 ka) experiments in the CMIP6-PMIP4 effort provides an opportunity to better understand the regional hydroclimate responses to radiative forcing during these two intervals. The dense coverage of paleoclimate proxy records for North America during the MH (N=260 sites) reveals a pattern of relative aridity in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada and wetness in the southern Great Basin and Mexico. However, the seasonality and driving mechanisms of rainfall patterns across the continent remain poorly understood. Our understanding of terrestrial hydroclimate in North America during the LIG is more limited (N=39 sites), largely because the LIG is beyond the range of radiocarbon dating.</p><p>Here we present spatial comparisons between output from 14 PMIP4 global circulation models and LIG and MH networks of moisture-sensitive proxies compiled for the North American continent. We utilize two statistical measures of agreement – weighted Cohen’s Kappa and Gwet’s AC2 – to assess the degree of categorical agreement between moisture patterns produced by the models and the proxy networks for each time-slice. PMIP4 models produce variable precipitation anomalies relative to the pre-industrial for both the LIG and MH experiments, often disagreeing on both the sign and magnitude of precipitation changes across much of North America. The models showing the best agreement with the proxy network are similar but not identical for the two measures, with Gwet’s AC2 values tending to be larger than Cohen’s Kappa values for all models. This pattern is enhanced for the much larger MH proxy network and is likely related to the fact that Gwet’s AC2 is a more predictable statistic in the presence of high agreement. Overall agreement is lower for the mid-Holocene than for the LIG, reflecting smaller MH rainfall anomalies in the models. The models with the highest agreement scores during the LIG produce aridity in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest and wetness in Alaska, the Yukon, the Great Basin, and parts of the Mid-West and Eastern US, although spatial coverage of the proxies in these latter two regions is poor. The models with the highest agreement score for the mid-Holocene tend to produce aridity across Canada and the northern US with dry conditions extending down the US Pacific coast and increased wetness in the American Southeast and across the North American Monsoon region. Our analyses help elucidate the driving mechanisms of rainfall patterns during past warm states and can inform which models may be the most useful for predictions of near-future hydroclimate change across North America.</p>

scholarly journals Azole Resistance in Cryptococcus gattii from the Pacific Northwest: Investigation of the Role ofERG11

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 5478-5485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Gast ◽  
Luiz R. Basso ◽  
Igor Bruzual ◽  
Brian Wong
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Azole Resistance ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Coding Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Azole Antifungals ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Serious Infections

ABSTRACTCryptococcus gattiiis responsible for an expanding epidemic of serious infections in Western Canada and the Northwestern United States (Pacific Northwest). Some patients with these infections respond poorly to azole antifungals, and high azole MICs have been reported in Pacific NorthwestC. gattii. In this study, multiple azoles (but not amphotericin B) had higher MICs for 25 Pacific NorthwestC. gattiithan for 34 non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiior 20Cryptococcus neoformansstrains. We therefore examined the roles in azole resistance of overexpression of or mutations in the gene (ERG11) encoding the azole target enzyme.ERG11/ACT1mRNA ratios were higher inC. gattiithan inC. neoformans, but these ratios did not differ in Pacific Northwest and non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains, nor did they correlate with fluconazole MICs within any group. Three Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains with low azole MICs and 2 with high azole MICs had deduced Erg11p sequences that differed at one or more positions from that of the fully sequenced Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrain R265. However, the azole MICs for conditionalSaccharomyces cerevisiaeerg11mutants expressing the 5 variantERG11s were within 2-fold of the azole MICs forS. cerevisiaeexpressing theERG11gene fromC. gattiiR265, non-Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrain WM276, orC. neoformansstrains H99 or JEC21. We conclude that neitherERG11overexpression nor variations inERG11coding sequences was responsible for the high azole MICs observed for the Pacific NorthwestC. gattiistrains we studied.

scholarly journals Intraseasonal and Interannual Variability in North American Storm Tracks and Its Relationship to Equatorial Pacific Variability

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 3610-3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Grise ◽  
Seok-Woo Son ◽  
John R. Gyakum
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
North American ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cyclone Tracks ◽  
Lagrangian Tracking ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract Extratropical cyclones play a principal role in wintertime precipitation and severe weather over North America. On average, the greatest number of cyclones track 1) from the lee of the Rocky Mountains eastward across the Great Lakes and 2) over the Gulf Stream along the eastern coastline of North America. However, the cyclone tracks are highly variable within individual winters and between winter seasons. In this study, the authors apply a Lagrangian tracking algorithm to examine variability in extratropical cyclone tracks over North America during winter. A series of methodological criteria is used to isolate cyclone development and decay regions and to account for the elevated topography over western North America. The results confirm the signatures of four climate phenomena in the intraseasonal and interannual variability in North American cyclone tracks: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific–North American pattern (PNA), and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Similar signatures are found using Eulerian bandpass-filtered eddy variances. Variability in the number of extratropical cyclones at most locations in North America is linked to fluctuations in Rossby wave trains extending from the central tropical Pacific Ocean. Only over the far northeastern United States and northeastern Canada is cyclone variability strongly linked to the NAO. The results suggest that Pacific sector variability (ENSO, PNA, and MJO) is a key contributor to intraseasonal and interannual variability in the frequency of extratropical cyclones at most locations across North America.

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