scholarly journals Verbal Memory Impairments in Children after Cerebellar Tumor Resection

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Kirschen ◽  
Mathew S. Davis-Ratner ◽  
Marnee W. Milner ◽  
S. H. Annabel Chen ◽  
Pam Schraedley-Desmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Cerebellar Tumor ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Phonological Store

This study was designed to investigate cerebellar lobular contributions to specific cognitive deficits observed after cerebellar tumor resection. Verbal working memory (VWM) tasks were administered to children following surgical resection of cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas and age-matched controls. Anatomical MRI scans were used to quantify the extent of cerebellar lobular damage from each patient's resection. Patients exhibited significantly reduced digit span for auditory but not visual stimuli, relative to controls, and damage to left hemispheral lobule VIII was significantly correlated with this deficit. Patients also showed reduced effects of articulatory suppression and this was correlated with damage to the vermis and hemispheral lobule IV/V bilaterally. Phonological similarity and recency effects did not differ overall between patients and controls, but outlier patients with abnormal phonological similarity effects to either auditory or visual stimuli were found to have damage to hemispheral lobule VIII/VIIB on the left and right, respectively. We postulate that damage to left hemispheral lobule VIII may interfere with encoding of auditory stimuli into the phonological store. These data corroborate neuroimaging studies showing focal cerebellar activation during VWM paradigms, and thereby allow us to predict with greater accuracy which specific neurocognitive processes will be affected by a cerebellar tumor resection.

Comparison of Two Measures of Working Memory Impairments in 220 Adolescents and Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (14) ◽  
pp. 1838-1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Kennedy ◽  
Donald M. Quinlan ◽  
Thomas E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Verbal Abilities ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
National Norms

Objective: This study tests the hypotheses that (a) adolescents and adults with ADHD score lower on two normed measures of verbal working memory, relative to their overall verbal abilities, than the general population and (b) a specific story memory test is a more sensitive and relevant measure of working memory impairment than a numerically based test. Method: Scores on normed story memory and numerical memory tests of 220 adolescents and adults with ADHD were corrected for the individual’s verbal abilities and compared with each other and national norms. Results: Participants with ADHD scored significantly below their verbal ability measure on both verbal and numerically based memory tests in comparison with national norms. Scores on verbal memory test were lower than scores for numerically based memory tests. Conclusion: This story memory test is a more sensitive measure of working memory impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD than measures based on recall of numerical data.

Syntactic abilities and verbal memory in monolingual and bilingual children with High Functioning Autism (HFA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Meir ◽  
Rama Novogrodsky
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Sentence Repetition

The aim of the current study was two-fold. First, it evaluated the influence of bilingualism on syntactic abilities and verbal memory of children with High Functioning Autism (HFA). Second, it explored the relationship between syntactic abilities and verbal memory of children with HFA and typical language development (TLD). Eighty-six monolingual Hebrew-speaking and bilingual Russian–Hebrew speaking children aged 4;6–9;2 years participated: 28 with HFA (14 monolingual and 14 bilingual) and 58 with TLD (28 monolingual and 30 bilingual). Syntactic abilities were assessed using Sentence Repetition tasks (bilingual children were tested in both languages). Verbal memory was evaluated using Forward Digit Span for verbal short-term memory and Backward Digit Span for verbal working memory. As a group, children with HFA scored lower than their TLD peers on measures of syntactic abilities and verbal memory. However, some children with HFA, monolingual and bilingual, showed intact syntactic abilities, while others scored at-risk for Language Disorder (LD). Importantly, syntactic abilities in children with HFA were not associated with their verbal memory skills. Furthermore, no differences in verbal memory were found between children with HFA who were at-risk for LD and children with no risk. Bilingualism did not influence Sentence Repetition scores when vocabulary was controlled for, and it did not affect verbal memory scores. The study demonstrated that (1) syntactic difficulties in children with HFA are not attributable to deficient verbal memory; moreover (2), regardless of languages status, children with HFA at-risk for LD exhibit impaired syntax similarly to those reported in the literature for children with Developmental Language Disorder. Finally, the findings show that bilingualism affects children with TLD and HFA similarly, demonstrating that bilingualism does not impede language and cognitive development in children with HFA.

Is there a specific Vivaldi effect on verbal memory functions? Evidence from listening to music in younger and older adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaitsa Giannouli ◽  
Vasil Kolev ◽  
Juliana Yordanova
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Transient Improvement ◽  
Verbal Functions

Brief exposure to music has been reported to lead to transient improvement of cognitive functions in no-music domains. Regarding the possible roles of working memory, processing of acoustic regularities, arousal and emotions in mediating the effects of music on subsequent cognition, the present study explored if brief listening to music might produce a subsequent transient change of verbal functions. A large sample ( n = 448) of younger (mean 28 years) and older (mean 72 years) individuals were studied to represent different background abilities. Verbal working memory (WM) and phonologically-cued semantic retrieval were assessed using the forward digit span test (F-DST) and word fluency test (WFT). To account for arousing, emotional and previous expertise effects, F-DST and WFT scores were measured only in non-musicians after listening to novel (unknown) excerpts of three different composers (Mozart, Vivaldi and Glass) and after silence, with individual preference for each condition subjectively rated. It was found that brief exposure to music had no beneficial effect on verbal WM, with even a transient impairment emerging after Vivaldi. In contrast, Vivaldi’s excerpt induced a marked enhancement of word fluency, but only in young adults, whereas listening to Mozart’s composition was followed by decreased WFT scores in the two age groups. These results show that depending on composer- or excerpt-specific music features, listening to music can selectively facilitate or inhibit ongoing verbal functions. It is suggested that these effects are mediated by pro-active priming or interference of residual activations induced by music in working memory loops.

On the Irrelevance of Phonological Similarity to the Irrelevant Speech Effect

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. LeCompte Denny ◽  
Deborah M. Shaibe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Irrelevant Speech ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Critical Experiment ◽  
Phonological Store ◽  
Irrelevant Speech Effect

Irrelevant background speech disrupts immediate recall of visually presented items. Salame and Baddeley (1982) found that increasing the phonological similarity between the irrelevant speech and the visual items greatly increased this disruption. In contrast, Jones and Macken (1995) found little evidence for such an increase. The present experiments directly manipulated the phonological similarity of the irrelevant speech background and the to-be-remembered visual items. Experiments 1–4 compared background speech that shared virtually no phonemes with the visual stimuli with background speech that shared all of the phonemes of the visual stimuli. No effect of phonological similarity was found. Experiment 5 replicatedthe method of Salame and Baddeley's critical experiment but not their results. With regard to the two primary explanations of the irrelevant speech effect, these data present a strong challenge to the phonological store hypothesis while offering some support to the changing state hypothesis.

What Does It Take to Search Organized? The Cognitive Correlates of Search Organization During Cancellation After Stroke

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia F. Ten Brink ◽  
Johanna M.A. Visser-Meily ◽  
Tanja C.W. Nijboer
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Cognitive Domains

AbstractObjectives: Stroke could lead to deficits in organization of visual search. Cancellation tests are frequently used in standard neuropsychological assessment and appear suitable to measure search organization. The current aim was to evaluate which cognitive functions are associated with cancellation organization measures after stroke. Methods: Stroke patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation were included in this retrospective study. We performed exploratory factor analyses to explore cognitive domains. A digital shape cancellation test (SC) was administered, and measures of search organization (intersections rate and best r) were computed. The following cognitive functions were measured by neuropsychological testing: neglect (SC, line bisection; LB, Catherine Bergego Scale; CBS, and Balloons Test), visuospatial perception and construction (Rey Complex Figure Test, RCFT), psychomotor speed (Trail Making Test; TMT-A), executive functioning/working memory (TMT-B), spatial planning (Tower Test), rule learning (Brixton Test), short-term auditory memory (Digit Span Forward; DSF), and verbal working memory (Digit Span Backward; DSB). Results: In total, 439 stroke patients were included in our analyses. Four clusters were separated: “Executive functioning” (TMT-A, TMT-B, Brixton Test, and Tower Test), “Verbal memory” (DSF and DSB), “Search organization” (intersections rate and best r), and “Neglect” (CBS, RCFT copy, Balloons Test, SC, and LB). Conclusions: Search organization during cancellation, as measured with intersections rate and best r, seems a distinct cognitive construct compared to existing cognitive domains that are tested during neuropsychological assessment. Administering cancellation tests and analyzing measures of search organization could provide useful additional insights into the visuospatial processes of stroke patients. (JINS, 2018, 24, 424–436)

Verbal working memory storage and processing deficits in HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1279-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. YORK ◽  
J. J. FRANKS ◽  
R. R. HENRY ◽  
W. J. HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Phonological Loop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phonological Store ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Hiv 1

Background. Verbal working memory (WM), which relies on intact functioning of frontostriatal circuits, has been suggested as a cognitive domain that is preferentially affected in HIV-1 infection. Although several studies have found WM impairments in HIV-1 infected patients, Baddeley's classic WM model has not been studied extensively in this population.Methods. We used two cognitive neuropsychological approaches to examine verbal WM deficits in 18 HIV-1 seronegative, 16 HIV-1 asymptomatic, and 20 HIV-1 symptomatic patients. First, based on Baddeley's WM model of the Phonological Loop, we used the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant speech effect to evaluate each individual's phonological store, and the word-length effect and the articulatory suppression effect to evaluate the articulatory control process. Secondly, an individual differences approach, which focuses on the capacity limitation of the WM system and potentially integrates the functions of Baddeley's Central Executive component with the Phonological Loop, was adopted. We evaluated each patient's simultaneous storage and processing of auditory material using the Verbal Memory Span test.Results. The HIV-1 symptomatic individuals, but not the HIV-1 asymptomatic subjects, demonstrated impaired short-term storage of verbal material in the phonological store on Baddeley's measures. Although the HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects demonstrated intact rehearsal of speech-based material in the articulatory control process, both groups demonstrated impairment on the Verbal Memory Span test.Conclusions. These findings suggest that deficits in simultaneous short-term storage and processing occur during both early and later stages of HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Differential Cognitive Performance in Females and Males with Regular Cannabis Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 570-580
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Schnakenberg Martin ◽  
Deepak Cyril D’Souza ◽  
Sharlene D. Newman ◽  
William P. Hetrick ◽  
Brian F. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Learning Test

AbstractObjectives:Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that males and females may be differentially affected by cannabis use. This study evaluated the interaction of cannabis use and biological sex on cognition, and the association between observed cognitive deficits and features of cannabis use.Methods:Cognitive measures were assessed in those with regular, ongoing, cannabis use (N = 40; 22 female) and non-using peers (N = 40; 23 female). Intelligence, psychomotor speed, and verbal working memory were measured with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Digit Symbol Test, and Digit Span and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, respectively. Associations between cognitive measures and cannabis use features (e.g., lifetime cannabis use, age of initiation, time since last use of cannabis, recent high-concentration tetrahydrocannabinoid exposure) were also evaluated.Results:No main effects of group were observed across measures. Significant interactions between group and biological sex were observed on measures of intelligence, psychomotor speed, and verbal learning, with greatest group differences observed between males with and without regular cannabis use. Psychomotor performance was negatively correlated with lifetime cannabis exposure. Female and male cannabis use groups did not differ in features of cannabis use.Conclusions:Findings suggest that biological sex influences the relationship between cannabis and cognition, with males potentially being more vulnerable to the neurocognitive deficits related to cannabis use.

scholarly journals Regular and Irregular Inflection in Different Groups of Bilingual Children and the Role of Verbal Short-Term and Verbal Working Memory

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Elma Blom ◽  
Evelyn Bosma ◽  
Wilbert Heeringa
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Linguistic Distance

Bilingual children often experience difficulties with inflectional morphology. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate how regularity of inflection in combination with verbal short-term and working memory (VSTM, VWM) influences bilingual children’s performance. Data from 231 typically developing five- to eight-year-old children were analyzed: Dutch monolingual children (N = 45), Frisian-Dutch bilingual children (N = 106), Turkish-Dutch bilingual children (N = 31), Tarifit-Dutch bilingual children (N = 38) and Arabic-Dutch bilingual children (N = 11). Inflection was measured with an expressive morphology task. VSTM and VWM were measured with a Forward and Backward Digit Span task, respectively. The results showed that, overall, children performed more accurately at regular than irregular forms, with the smallest gap between regulars and irregulars for monolinguals. Furthermore, this gap was smaller for older children and children who scored better on a non-verbal intelligence measure. In bilingual children, higher accuracy at using (irregular) inflection was predicted by a smaller cross-linguistic distance, a larger amount of Dutch at home, and a higher level of parental education. Finally, children with better VSTM, but not VWM, were more accurate at using regular and irregular inflection.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in White Matter Asymmetry and Its Implications for Verbal Working Memory in Psychosis High-Risk State

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Steinmann ◽  
Amanda E. Lyall ◽  
Mina Langhein ◽  
Felix L. Nägele ◽  
Jonas Rauh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
White Matter ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Unscented Kalman Filter ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Related Area ◽  
Laterality Index ◽  
The Brain

Objective: Sexual dimorphism has been investigated in schizophrenia, although sex-specific differences among individuals who are at clinical high-risk (CHR) for developing psychosis have been inconclusive. This study aims to characterize sexual dimorphism of language areas in the brain by investigating the asymmetry of four white matter tracts relevant to verbal working memory in CHR patients compared to healthy controls (HC). HC typically show a leftward asymmetry of these tracts. Moreover, structural abnormalities in asymmetry and verbal working memory dysfunctions have been associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities and are considered core features of schizophrenia.Methods: Twenty-nine subjects with CHR (17 female/12 male) for developing psychosis and twenty-one HC (11 female/10 male) matched for age, sex, and education were included in the study. Two-tensor unscented Kalman filter tractography, followed by an automated, atlas-guided fiber clustering approach, were used to identify four fiber tracts related to verbal working memory: the superior longitudinal fasciculi (SLF) I, II and III, and the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus (SOFF). Using fractional anisotropy (FA) of tissue as the primary measure, we calculated the laterality index for each tract.Results: There was a significantly greater right>left asymmetry of the SLF-III in CHR females compared to HC females, but no hemispheric difference between CHR vs. HC males. Moreover, the laterality index of SLF-III for CHR females correlated negatively with Backward Digit Span performance, suggesting a greater rightward asymmetry was associated with poorer working memory functioning.Conclusion: This study suggests increased rightward asymmetry of the SLF-III in CHR females. This finding of sexual dimorphism in white matter asymmetry in a language-related area of the brain in CHR highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the role of sex in the high-risk state. Future work investigating early sex-specific pathophysiological mechanisms, may lead to the development of novel personalized treatment strategies aimed at preventing transition to a more chronic and difficult-to-treat disorder.

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