scholarly journals Shared Reproductive State Enhances Female Associations in Dolphins

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana M. Möller ◽  
Robert G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
First Year ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Association Coefficients ◽  
Social Clusters

Female bottlenose dolphins (genusTursiops) usually associate at moderate level with other females within social clusters called bands or cliques. It has been suggested that reproductive state may play the predominant role in determining associations within femaleT. truncatusbands. Here, we test the hypothesis that reproductive state correlates with associations of female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (T. aduncus). We found that females in similar reproductive state, which included females from late pregnancy to the first year of their calves' life or females from early pregnancy to their calves' newborn period, had higher-association coefficients with each other than they did with females in different reproductive states (females with older calves or without calves). This was observed both within and across social clusters suggesting that reproductive state, at least for pregnant females and those with young calves, plays an important role in determining who to associate with. However, a female's most frequent associate was not always with another in similar reproductive state. We suggest that several factors, including reproductive state, may be of importance in determining associations of female bottlenose dolphins.

The effect of the reproductive state of ewes on their voluntary intake of diets varying in straw content

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
R. F. Lee ◽  
P. M. Lerman ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
State Interaction ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Four Levels

SummaryTwo experiments, involving a total of 112 sheep, are described, in which ewes at different reproductive states were given complete diets with a varying grain: straw ratio. In Expt 1 ewes at three reproductive states (dry, pregnant and lactating) were given diets with four levels of coarsely ground oat straw (10, 25, 40 and 55% straw). In Expt 2 ewes in five reproductive states (early pregnancy, mid pregnancy, late pregnancy, lactation and dry) were given a basal diet similar to that given in Expt 1 but with five levels of straw (15, 25, 36, 45 and 55% straw).The results showed that the intake of ewes varied with reproductive state, the highest intakes occurring during lactation. No significant diet × reproductive state interaction was observed which suggests that in ewes the physiological state can override some of the physical limitations to intake imposed by increased dietary roughage concentration.

Sex Differences in Patterns of Association Among Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 123 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Smolker ◽  
Andrew F. Richards ◽  
Richard C. Connor ◽  
John W. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Discrete Subgroups ◽  
Party Size ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Association Coefficients ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractPatterns of association among bottlenose dolphins resident in Shark Bay, Western Australia were analyzed using party membership data. Parties contained an average of 4.8 individuals, but party size and composition were unstable. While these temporary parties often contained both males and females, long term consistent associations generally were between members of the same sex. The highest association coefficients, resulting from very frequent co-occurrence within parties were between males and between mothers and offspring. Males formed subgroups of two or three individuals who consistently associated with each other, and these were stable over periods of at least seven years in some cases. Male subgroups preferentially associated with particular other male subgroups. Females associated most consistently with other females, although not to the same extent as some males. Female associations were better described as a network rather than discrete subgroups. Male-female associations were generally inconsistent and depended in part on female reproductive state. Mothers and their offspring associated very consistently for at least 4 years.

scholarly journals Changes in physical activity across pregnancy among Chinese women: a longitudinal cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Lü ◽  
Yahui Feng ◽  
Shuai Ma ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Liangkun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Central China ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Activity Questionnaire

Abstract Background Sufficient physical activity (PA) during pregnancy is beneficial for a woman’s health; however, the PA levels of Chinese women at different pregnancy stages are not clear. The aim of our study was to investigate PA changes during pregnancy and the association of population characteristics with PA change among Chinese women. Methods Data were obtained from 2485 participants who were enrolled in the multicentre prospective Chinese Pregnant Women Cohort Study. PA level was assessed in early pregnancy (mean = 10, 5–13 weeks of gestation) and again in mid-to-late pregnancy (mean = 32, 24–30 weeks of gestation) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). Sufficient PA (≥ 600 MET min/week) in early pregnancy and insufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy indicated decreasing PA. Insufficient PA in early pregnancy and sufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy indicated increasing PA. The associations between demographic, pregnancy and health characteristics and PA changes were examined by multivariable logistic regression. Results Total energy expenditure for PA increased significantly from early (median = 396 MET min/week) to mid-to-late pregnancy (median = 813 MET min/week) (P < 0.001), and 55.25% of the participants eventually had sufficient PA. Walking was the dominant form of PA. Women with sufficient PA levels in early pregnancy were more likely to have sufficient PA in mid-to-late pregnancy (OR 1.897, 95% CI 1.583–2.274). Women in West China and those in Central China were most and least likely, respectively, to have increasing PA (OR 1.387, 95% CI 1.078–1.783 vs. OR 0.721, 95% CI 0.562–0.925). Smoking was inversely associated with increasing PA (OR 0.480, 95% CI 0.242–0.955). Women with higher educational levels were less likely to have decreasing PA (OR 0.662, 95% CI 0.442–0.991). Conclusions PA increased as pregnancy progressed, and walking was the dominant form of PA among Chinese women. Further research is needed to better understand correlates of PA change.

DIE AUSSCHEIDUNG VON TESTOSTERON UND EPITESTOSTERON BEI FRAUEN AM ENDE DER SCHWANGERSCHAFT

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585
Author(s):  
K. Schollberg ◽  
E. Seiler ◽  
J. Holtorff
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Female Foetus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone by women in late pregnancy has been studied. The mean values of 22 normal women in pregnancy mens X are 12.9 ± 9.2 μg/24 h in the case of testosterone and 16.1 ± 16.2 μg/24 h in the case of epitestosterone. Both values do not differ significantly from those of non-pregnant females. The excretion values of mothers bearing a male foetus (17.3 ± 8.9 μg/24 h) are higher than those of mothers with a female foetus (6.4 ± 4.8 μg/24 h). The difference is statistically significant with P = 0.01.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Changes the Response of the Vomeronasal and Olfactory Systems to Pups in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinta Navarro-Moreno ◽  
Maria Jose Sanchez-Catalan ◽  
Manuela Barneo-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Goterris-Cerisuelo ◽  
Maria Belles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Pup Retrieval ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy Hormones

Motherhood entails changes in behavior with increased motivation for pups, induced in part by pregnancy hormones acting upon the brain. This work explores whether this alters sensory processing of pup-derived chemosignals. To do so, we analyse the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the vomeronasal organ (VNO; Egr1) and centers of the olfactory and vomeronasal brain pathways (cFos) in virgin and late-pregnant females exposed to pups, as compared to buttons (socially neutral control). In pup-exposed females, we quantified diverse behaviors including pup retrieval, sniffing, pup-directed attack, nest building and time in nest or on nest, as well as time off nest. Pups induce Egr1 expression in the VNO of females, irrespective of their physiological condition, thus suggesting the existence of VNO-detected pup chemosignals. A similar situation is found in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and posteromedial part of the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMPM). By contrast, in the medial amygdala and posteromedial cortical amygdala (PMCo), responses to pups-vs-buttons are different in virgin and late-pregnant females, thus suggesting altered sensory processing during late pregnancy. The olfactory system also shows changes in sensory processing with pregnancy. In the main olfactory bulbs, as well as the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, buttons activate cFos expression in virgins more than in pregnant females. By contrast, in the anterior and especially posterior piriform cortex, pregnant females show more activation by pups than buttons. Correlation between IEGs expression and behavior suggests the existence of two vomeronasal subsystems: one associated to pup care (with PMCo as its main center) and another related to pup-directed aggression observed in some pregnant females (with the BSTMPM as the main nucleus). Our data also suggest a coactivation of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems during interaction with pups in pregnant females.

Active and resting behaviour of virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the laboratory

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rowcliffe ◽  
L. H. Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Light Gradient

AbstractActivity in virgin and pregnant females ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. was very low and mostly took the form of short bursts of flight. Recently-fed virgins and females in early and mid-pregnancy were least active. In late pregnancy, activity increased and more walking occurred. In all classes of females, activity was least around midday, but the V-shaped curve became less pronounced as parturition approached. There was evidence of a slight preference for black over white surfaces whenlandingbut a clear preference for blackrestingsites. Virgin females preferred to alight and rest on vertical surfaces at the borders of areas of visual contrast; pregnant females preferred to alight and rest on horizontal surfaces and showed no attraction to regions of contrast. In a horizontal light gradient, pregnant females selected lighter resting sites as the day progressed. In late pregnancy, there was an increasing tendency to rest in darker sites. Increasing the temperature in the light gradient caused an increase in activity around 34°C and a switch to photonegative behaviour. After larviposition, the females became strongly photopositive even at high temperature (38°C), but after a feed they reverted to the ‘normal’ photonegative response to high temperature.

scholarly journals Obesity Status Affects the Relationship Between Protein Intake and Insulin Sensitivity in Late Pregnancy

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allman ◽  
Diaz Fuentes ◽  
Williams ◽  
Turner ◽  
Andres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Food Record ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between amount and type of dietary protein intake and insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy, in normal weight and overweight women (29.8 ± 0.2 weeks gestation, n = 173). A 100-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered following an overnight fast to estimate the metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR, mg · kg-1 · min-1) using four different equations accounting for the availability of blood samples. Total (TP), animal (AP), and plant (PP) protein intakes were assessed using a 3-day food record. Two linear models with MCR as the response variable were fitted to the data to estimate the relationship of protein intake to insulin sensitivity either unadjusted or adjusted for early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) because of the potential of BMI to influence this relationship. There was a positive association between TP (β = 1.37, p = 0.002) and PP (β = 4.44, p < 0.001) intake in the last trimester of pregnancy and insulin sensitivity that weakened when accounting for early pregnancy BMI. However, there was no relationship between AP intake and insulin sensitivity (β = 0.95, p = 0.08). Therefore, early pregnancy BMI may be a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than dietary protein intake in late pregnancy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Metoclopramide on the Lower Oesophageal Sphincter in Late Pregnancy

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Brock-utne ◽  
T. G. B. Dow ◽  
S. Welman ◽  
G. E. Dimopoulos ◽  
M. G. Moshal
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obstetrical Anaesthesia ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Gastric Contents

The effects of intravenous metoclopramide (Maxolon) on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) were studied in three groups of patients, one group being normal control and the other two being pregnant females, one without heartburn and the other with. Metoclopramide increases the LOS pressure 20.5, 15.2 and 10.2 cm H2 O respectively (p<0.005, p<0.005 and p<0.05). These findings suggest that for patients undergoing elective or emergency obstetrical anaesthesia, intravenous metoclopramide may help reduce the incidence of regurgitation of gastric contents.

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