scholarly journals The Use of Antiviral Drugs for Influenza: Recommended Guidelines for Practitioners

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upton D Allen ◽  
Fred Y Aoki ◽  
H Grant Stiver ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Paediatric Society ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
New Information ◽  
Influenza Illness ◽  
Recommended Guidelines ◽  
Current Guidelines

The present document outlines current guidelines and supporting literature relating to the use of antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis and influenza illness therapy in paediatric and adult settings. The focus is on the management of influenza in interpandemic periods. Where appropriate, the areas in need of additional research are identified. It will be necessary to update aspects of these guidelines as new information emerges. The recommendations that follow represent the results of a joint effort supported by the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada.

scholarly journals Summary of Canadian Guidelines for the Initial Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Evidence-Based Update by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel A Mandell ◽  
Thomas J Marrie ◽  
Ronald F Grossman ◽  
Anthony W Chow ◽  
Robert H Hyland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Initial Management ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nursing Home Patients ◽  
Current Guidelines

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious illness with a significant impact on individual patients and society as a whole. Over the past several years, there have been significant advances in the knowledge and understanding of the etiology of the disease, and an appreciation of problems such as mixed infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. The development of additional fluoroquinolone agents with enhanced activity againstStreptococcus pneumoniaehas been important as well. It was decided that the time had come to update and modify the previous CAP guidelines, which were published in 1993. The current guidelines represent a joint effort by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society, and they address the etiology, diagnosis and initial management of CAP. The diagnostic section is based on the site of care, and the treatment section is organized according to whether one is dealing with outpatients, inpatients or nursing home patients.

scholarly journals Summary of Canadian Guidelines for the Initial Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Evidence-Based Update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel A Mandell ◽  
Thomas J Marrie ◽  
Ronald F Grossman ◽  
Anthony W Chow ◽  
Robert H Hyland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Initial Management ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nursing Home Patients ◽  
Current Guidelines

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a serious illness with a significant impact on individual patients and society as a whole. Over the past several years, there have been significant advances in our knowledge and understanding of the etiology of the disease, and an appreciation of problems such as mixed infections and increasing antimicrobial resistance. The development of additional fluoroquinolone agents with enhanced activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been important as well. It was decided that the time had come to update and modify the previous CAP guidelines, which were published in 1993. The current guidelines represent a joint effort by the Canadian Infectious Disease Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society, and they address the etiology, diagnosis and initial management of CAP. The diagnostic section is based on the site of care, and the treatment section is organized according to whether one is dealing with outpatients, inpatients or nursing home patients.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs in Serbia From 2008 To 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Milicevic ◽  
Dimitrije Glisic ◽  
Zorana Zurovac Sapundzic ◽  
Milan Ninkovic ◽  
Bojan Milovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
New Information ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2 ◽  
Virus Strains

Abstract Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV2) is a causal agent of an infectious disease with the highest fatality rate among dogs. However, in Serbia, it has never been investigated thoroughly. This study was conducted on samples originating from dogs with diarrhea in anamnesis, stored in the sample bank, submitted for various reasons to the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia. In total, 50 rectal swab samples were collected from the period 2008 to 2020, and consequently tested. Out of 50 rectal swab samples, the CPV2 genome was detected in 14 (28%). This retrospective study showed the presence of three different variants of CPV2 in diarrheic dogs during the last 12 years in Serbia. CPV2a was the most prevalent variant (60%) followed by CPV2b (30%), and CPV2c (10%). Interestingly, CPV2a had been the predominantly detected variant up until 2018. Nevertheless in 2019, there was the first detected occurrence of the CPV2b variant, followed by the first detection of the CPV2c in 2020. This study reports the evidence and distribution of CPV2 throughout the time-lapse from 2008 to 2020, providing new information about the presence and the prevalence of virus strains in Serbia.

Pharmacologic basis for the use of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Webster
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
Human Trials ◽  
Primary Literature ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

Abstract Introduction This article will review the pharmacologic and clinical evidence supporting the use of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, most notably atomoxetine, for the treatment of neuropathic pain states. Many medications initially marketed for psychiatric indications have gained widespread use for their analgesic properties after additional research. Methods In search of alternative treatments for neuropathic pain, current guidelines, published reviews, and primary literature, including both rodent and human trials, were reviewed. Results and Discussion The first group of medications to gain widespread use in pain management was the tricyclic antidepressants. As further research was completed and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors began to be utilized for their analgesic properties, a growing body of evidence began to indicate that the analgesic properties of these medications were primarily due to the blockade of norepinephrine reuptake with serotonin playing only a minimal role.

scholarly journals Role of Anti-Viral Drugs in Combating SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweta Kamboj ◽  
Rohit Kamboj ◽  
Shikha Kamboj ◽  
Rohit Dutt ◽  
Reeva Chabbra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Virus

Viruses are the eventual assertion of parasitism, they not only take nutriments from the host cell, apart from that they direct its metabolic machinery to amalgamate novel virus particle and to diminish the ability of flu viruses to reproduce in an individual antiviral drugs are used. When used as directed, antiviral drugs may help to lessen the duration of flu symptoms and may reduce the severity of common flu symptoms. Antiviral drugs are the class of drugs which comes under the antimicrobials, and that also accommodates the larger group i.e. of antibiotics. They are broad-spectrum in nature and can be effective against a wide range of viruses. They can be used as a single drug as well as in combination of drugs. Antiviral drugs are dissimilar from the antibiotics, they do not demolish their target pathogen ideally they obstruct development of pathogen. To the greatest extent antiviral drugs currently accessible are delineate to deal with herpes viruses, covid-19, HIV, the hepatitis b and c viruses herpes simplex, small pox, picornavirus and influenza a and b viruses etc. Scientists are searching to drag out the range of antiviral to the other families of pathogens. They mainly act by inhibiting the attachment of viruses on cells, prevent genetic reproduction of virus, prevent viral protein production and vital for production of virus. The emanation of antiviral is generally the outcome about an appreciably expanded skills or proficiency of the generative, microscopic and atomic activity of organisms, allowing biomedical analyst to acknowledge the structure, mechanism of action and activity of viruses, significant progress within the procedure for come across the current drugs. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19) is highly infectious disease triggered by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus 2 causing nearly 2.9 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the repurposing of antiviral drugs has come into picture.

scholarly journals Blogging as a Tool for Real-Time Learning in Medical Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Social Medium ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
Engaged Learning ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
New Information ◽  
Emerging Issues

Blogging is a widely used social medium for storing and sharing information online. Being an attractive online interface, some studies show that education blogging or edublogging might promote more engaged learning. An apathy to contemporary issues related to one’s area of study can result in a less knowledgeable student who is less ready for the job industry. To bridge the gap between classroom learning and awareness of emerging issues pertaining to the field of study and potential employment – blogging of ongoing events in a select microbiological field was proposed as a graded semester-long activity called “Disease Tracking.” The exercise involved instructing students to choose one infectious disease topic, for which traditional and non-traditional scientific information could be sourced with high frequency over the preceding months. Students were to document new information on the topic as it became available over the term, from reliable information resources. At the end of the term, students presented their work in a “Blog show-off” presentation session. Blog-based learning was found to be an engaging tool that satisfied all criteria under Bloom’s taxonomy. Students developed a continued intrigue for the chosen topic and appreciated the diverse fields in which fundamentals of infectious diseases learned in class, could be applied within and outside academia. Students also valued this experience and feedback showed that the freedom to choose their own topic (77%), opportunity to learn more from other students’ blogs (77%), less stress as they were not competing on identical topics (73%), a “fun way” to learn (68%), and an opportunity to understand the importance of staying abreast with scientific news (64%) stood out as the chief positive points of the exercise to the students. In view of these benefits, blogs can be used for an immersive, broad learning experience in Microbiology and other fields in which there is likely to be a frequency of new information online.

scholarly journals From Poliomyelitis to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Reflections by a Virologist

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Erling Norrby
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Human Host ◽  
The Media

Never before have the media focused on a single infectious disease as they have in the case of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic that started to spread globally from China at the end of 2019. The consequences of the pandemic on health, economics, and the societal conditions of isolated individuals have been discussed from a range of different perspectives. Virologists are expected to be capable of providing immediate answers to many different kinds of questions—how and under what conditions is an individual infectious, what are the relative roles of the different arms of the immune system, do reinfections occur, when will a vaccine preventing infection with the virus become available, what are the possibilities of developing antiviral drugs capable of interfering with the disease, and so on. In many cases there are no immediate answers, since virologists globally are still in the middle of researching the particular problem in the focus of interest. The only proper answer to demanding questions of this kind should be “Welcome to the workshop of virologists.” However, what needs to be emphasized is that the tools available to understand the details of the interaction of a particular virus and the various organs in an infected human host have changed dramatically during the somewhat more than a hundred years of studies of viruses.

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