scholarly journals Multiple Levels of Letter Representation in Written Spelling: Evidence From a Single Case of Dysgraphia with Multiple Deficits

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pierre de Partz ◽  
Aliette Lochy ◽  
Agnesa Pillon
Keyword(s):  
Target Letter ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Form Processing ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
Form Representation ◽  
The One ◽  
Letter Form ◽  
Graphemic Buffer

In this paper, we report a detailed analysis of the impaired performance of a dysgraphic individual, AD, who produced similar rates of letter-level errors in written spelling, oral spelling, and typing. We found that the distribution of various letter error types displayed a distinct pattern in written spelling on the one hand and in oral spelling and typing on the other. In particular, noncontextual letter substitution errors (i.e., errors in which the erroneous letter that replaces the target letter does not occur elsewhere within the word) were virtually absent in oral spelling and typing and mainly found in written spelling. In contrast, letter deletion errors and multiple-letter errors were typically found in oral spelling and very exceptional in written spelling. Only contextual letter substitution errors (i.e., errors in which the erroneous letter that replaces the target letter is identical to a letter occurring earlier or later in the word) were found in similar proportions in the three tasks. We argue that these contrasting patterns of letter error distribution result from damage to two distinct levels of letter representation and processing within the spelling system, namely, the amodal graphemic representation held in the graphemic buffer and the letter form representation computed by subsequent writing-specific processes. Then, we examined the relationship between error and target in the letter substitution errors produced in written and oral spelling and found evidence that distinct types of letter representation are processed at each of the hypothetized levels of damage: symbolic letter representation at the graphemic level and representation of the component graphic strokes at the letter form processing level.

Summary of the current state of the pathogenesis of glaucoma

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 839-845
Author(s):  
V. P. Roshchin
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Blind People ◽  
Current State ◽  
Constant State ◽  
The One

The problem of glaucoma has, for many reasons, occupied and continues to occupy a prominent place in the ophthalmic press. It is enough to recall that 19% of all blind people owe their misfortune to glaucoma to understand why interest in this affliction has never faded among ophthalmologists. Furthermore, no ophthalmologist is quite sure that a certain method of treatment, even if the patient has timely applied for medical attention, can definitely prevent a sad outcome in every single case. This plus the absence of a unified and correct view of the essence of glaucoma keeps ophthalmologists in a constant state of flux, constantly striving to uncover the hidden springs of the disease process on the one hand, and to find a more radical means to combat it on the other.

Cocaine in the Treatment of Mental Disorders

1887 ◽  
Vol 33 (142) ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Single Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Permanent Cure ◽  
The One

Certain therapeutic effects upon the human organism ascribed to cocaine,∗ occasioned me to make use of the drug in suitable cases of psychosis and psycho-neurosis. Stimulant action and exhilaration (Euphoria) on the one hand, and on the other depression of undue sensitiveness, these were the effects I looked for from the alkaloid. Unfortunately, I am able to record scarcely a single case of certain and permanent cure following the use of the drug.

The Idea of Cause

Philosophy ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 4 (16) ◽  
pp. 453-466
Author(s):  
A. C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Bodies ◽  
Do So ◽  
Generalized Statement

Some modern thinkers have supposed that “cause” is an outworn notion, or at least that it is one of which modern science has no need. This is due mainly to the discovery that, while the scientist can give us general laws as to what in fact happens, he cannot help us to discern the reason for the laws or the inward nature of the forces on which they depend. He can tell us the “that” but not the “why”; he cannot show us in a single case that the effect follows necessarily a priori from the nature of the cause, that any other effect than the one which actually takes place would be logically impossible. He has studied the law of gravitation, but this law does not enable him to see why material bodies should attract each other in this fashion; it is only a generalized statement of the fact that they do. He knows that certain substances, if absorbed by eating, will nourish and others destroy our tissues; but he cannot say why they should do so. He can no doubt analyse them further and discover that, for example, meat is nourishing because it contains a large proportion of nitrogenous matter, but he could not tell a priori whether this nitrogenous matter would be likely to nourish or to poison us. Only where mathematics can be applied do we see necessity in such a way that any alternative becomes inconceivable to us; but mathematics alone can never establish from a quantity present here and now what quantity there will be at a later time or in another part of space. Mathematics can show, e.g., that, if there is 2 + 2 here and now, there must be 4 here and now, not that, if there is 2 + 2 here and now, there will be 4 in an hour's time or a mile away; and therefore it cannot be made the sole basis of any causal law whatever.

Developmental graphemic buffer dysgraphia in English: A single case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 94-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Barisic ◽  
Saskia Kohnen ◽  
Lyndsey Nickels
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Single Case Study ◽  
Graphemic Buffer

scholarly journals XIII. An essay on Egyptian mummies; with observations on the art of embalming among the ancient Egyptians

1825 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 269-316 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Upper Egypt ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fellow Traveller ◽  
The One ◽  
External Covering

In the year 1821, Sir Archibald Edmonstone, whose interesting work on two of the Oäses of Upper Egypt has been so favourably received by the public, presented me with a mummy, which he had purchased at Gournou, on the 24th of March, 1819, from one of the inhabitants of the sepulchral excavations on the side of the mountain, at the back of which are the celebrated tombs of the kings of Thebes. It cost about four dollars. There was no outer case to it; and it is difficult to conceive how the beauty and perfect condition of the surface of the single case in which the mummy was inclosed, could have been so well preserved without any external covering. It appears from Sir Archibald’s testimony, confirmed by my own observations, that the mummies which have a second, or an outer case, like the one bought at the same time by Sir Archibald Edmondstone’s fellow traveller, Mr. Hoghton, and now lying unopened at his seat near Preston, in Lancashire, have been folded, externally, with greater care than the one about to be described; and that the outward folds are ornamented with variegated stripes of linen. These observations accord with those made by Jomard and Royer. The first, or inner case, too, of those mummies is covered with a kind of paper, on which the figures and hieroglyphics are painted with much greater brilliancy of colour. Similar remarks apply to the mummy presented to the Hunterian Museum at Glasgow, by Mr. Heywood, a Smyrna merchant, the second or inner case of which is said to be of wonderful beauty and brilliancy.

scholarly journals MACROSCOPIC OBSERVABLES AND THE BORN RULE, I: LONG RUN FREQUENCIES

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1173-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. LANDSMAN
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum System ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Born Rule ◽  
C Algebra ◽  
C Algebras ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Frequency Interpretation ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
The One

We clarify the role of the Born rule in the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics by deriving it from Bohr's doctrine of classical concepts, translated into the following mathematical statement: a quantum system described by a noncommutative C*-algebra of observables is empirically accessible only through associated commutative C*-algebras. The Born probabilities emerge as the relative frequencies of outcomes in long runs of measurements on a quantum system; it is not necessary to adopt the frequency interpretation of single-case probabilities (which will be the subject of a sequel paper). Our derivation of the Born rule uses ideas from a program begun by Finkelstein [17] and Hartle [21], intending to remove the Born rule as a separate postulate of quantum mechanics. Mathematically speaking, our approach refines previous elaborations of this program — notably the one due to Farhi, Goldstone, and Gutmann [15] as completed by Van Wesep [50] — in replacing infinite tensor products of Hilbert spaces by continuous fields of C*-algebras. Furthermore, instead of relying on the controversial eigenstate-eigenvalue link in quantum theory, our derivation just assumes that pure states in classical physics have the usual interpretation as truthmakers that assign sharp values to observables.

scholarly journals An fMRI Analysis of the Human Hippocampus: Inference, Context, and Task Awareness

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1156-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Greene ◽  
William L. Gross ◽  
Catherine L. Elsinger ◽  
Stephen M. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Relational Learning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
The One ◽  
And Task

The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving semantic and episodic memories. Animal studies indicate that the hippocampus is also required for relational learning tasks. A prototypical relational learning task, and the one investigated in this experiment, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, is the transitive inference (TI) task. In the TI task, participants were to choose between A and B (A?B) and learned by trial and error to choose A (A > B). There were four such premise pairs during a training (A > B, B > C, C > D, D > E). These can be acquired distinctly or can be organized into a superordinate hierarchy (A > B > C > D > E), which would efficiently represent all the learned relations and allow inferences (e.g., B > D). At test there was no reinforcement: In addition to premise pairs, untrained pairings were introduced (e.g., A?E, B?D). Correctly inferring that B > D is taken as evidence for the formation of a superordinate hierarchy; several alternatives to the superordinate hierarchy hypothesis are considered. Awareness of the formation of this hierarchy was measured by a postscan questionnaire. Four main findings are reported: (1) Inferential performance and task awareness dissociated behaviorally and at the level of hemodynamic response; (2) As expected, performance on the inferred relation, B > D, corresponded to the ability to simultaneously acquire B > C and C > D premise pairs during training; (3) Interestingly, acquiring these “inner pairs” corresponded to greater hippocampal activation than the “outer pairs” (A > B, D > E) for all participants. However, a distinct pattern of hippocampal activity for these inner pairs differentiated those able to perform the inferential discrimination, B > D, at test. Because these inner premise pairs require contextual discrimination (e.g., C is incorrect in the context of B but correct in the context of D), we argue that the TI task is hippocampal-dependent because the premise pair acquisition necessary for inference is hippocampal-dependent; (4) We found B > D related hippocampal activity at test that is anatomically consistent with preconsolidation recall effects shown in other studies.

Recovery of word form processing after left inferior parietal lesion: A single case fMRI study

2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Grande ◽  
Susanne Weis ◽  
Klaus Willmes ◽  
Walter Huber
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Form Processing ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Parietal Lesion

scholarly journals Divergent Thinking Abilities in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Fusi ◽  
Maura Crepaldi ◽  
Laura Colautti ◽  
Massimiliano Palmiero ◽  
Alessandro Antonietti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The One

A large number of studies, including single case and case series studies, have shown that patients with different types of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are characterized by the emergence of artistic abilities. This led to the hypothesis of enhanced creative thinking skills as a function of these pathological conditions. However, in the last years, it has been argued that these brain pathologies lead only to an augmented “drive to produce” rather than to the emergence of creativity. Moreover, only a few studies analyzed specific creative skills, such as divergent thinking (DT), by standardized tests. This Mini-Review aimed to examine the extent to which DT abilities are preserved in patients affected by FTD. Results showed that DT abilities (both verbal and figural) are altered in different ways according to the specific anatomical and functional changes associated with the diverse forms of FTD. On the one hand, patients affected by the behavioral form of FTD can produce many ideas because of unimpaired access to memory stores (i.e., episodic and semantic), but are not able to recombine flexibly the information to produce original ideas because of damages in the pre-frontal cortex. On the other hand, patients affected by the semantic variant are impaired also in terms of fluency because of the degradation of their semantic memory store. Potential implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals The role of competitive advantage on the relation between internationalization and export performance: case study of EFACEC

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Orlando Lima Rua ◽  
Liliana Freitas Melo
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
The One ◽  
Object Of Study

The main goal of this study is to analyze the factors that in the internationalization’s process of Portuguese companies that allows to understand the contributions of the competitive advantage that influenced export performance. This will assess how the internationalization’s strategies, considering the competitive advantage as well its interaction with the market’s characteristics, may lead companies, on the one hand, to the implementation of strategies for success, and, on the other, and to the top performances of its export activity. In this context embarked by the qualitative methodology, we used the case study method, regarding to the single case of the largest and the most representative Portuguese multinational company of the electromechanical sector (EFACEC), thus enabling a holistic and integrated vision of organizational phenomena object of study. This methodological option allowed objectify results of practical importance, which will contribute to a lower dispersion in companies’ strategic internationalization process, accentuating the assertiveness of its exporting activity. As main conclusions we highlight the fact of internationalization’s strategies positively influence competitive advantage which, in turn, positively influence the export performance, and this one is positively influenced by markets’ characteristics.

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