scholarly journals Letter Form as a Constraint for Errors in Neglect Dyslexia and Letter Position Dyslexia

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Friedmann ◽  
Aviah Gvion
Keyword(s):  
Word Identification ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Identity Information ◽  
Letter Form ◽  
Neglect Dyslexia ◽  
Final Letter

Does letter-form constrain errors in peripheral dyslexia? In Hebrew, 5 of the 22 letters have two different letter forms, one is used only when the letter occurs in word-final position, the other form is used in initial and middle positions. Is the information on final-forms encoded in the letter identity information and used for word identification, or is it discarded? The current research explored this question through the effect of final vs. non final letter form on the error pattern in neglect dyslexia (neglexia) and letter position dyslexia (LPD). Left word-based neglexia results in errors of omission, substitution and addition of letters in the left side of words, which in Hebrew is the end of the word. We examined whether final letter form blocks the addition of letters to the end of the word and whether omissions of letters after letters in non-final form are avoided. The predominant error type in LPD is migration of letters within words. We tested whether migrations also occur when they cause form change of either final-form letters that move to middle position or middle-form letters that move to final position. These questions were assessed in both acquired and developmental neglexia and LPD. The results indicated a strong effect of final letter-form on acquired neglexia and on acquired and developmental LPD, which almost completely prevented form-changing errors. This effect was not found in developmental neglexia, where words that end in final-form letters were actually more impaired than other words, probably because final-form letters appear only on the neglected side of the word for Hebrew-reading children with left developmental neglexia. These data show that early visuo-orthographic analysis is sensitive to final letter form and that final letter form constrains errors in peripheral dyslexia.

Deutsch als schwächere Sprache bei deutsch-polnisch bilingualen Kindern: Studie zur Negation- und Verbstellung

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-297
Author(s):  
Aldona Sopata ◽  
Kamil Długosz
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Development Characteristic ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Constrained Input

AbstractThis article examines the acquisition of German as the weaker language in the cases of German-Polish bilingual children. Focusing on negation and verb position, phenomena that have frequently been taken as diagnostic when distinguishing between the course of language development characteristic for first (L1) and second language acquisition (L2), we analyse experimental and productive data from six simultaneously bilingual children. Due to the constrained input, German is their weaker language. The results in Forced Choice and Grammaticality Judgements tasks are compared with the results of monolingual children. We show that in the area of negation the acquisition of German as the weaker language resembles L1, and in the area of inversion and verb final position the development of the weaker language is delayed. The striking difference between bilinguals’ results in the experimental vs. productive tasks points to specific processing mechanisms in bilingual language use. In narrative contexts of the production tasks the language of the performance is activated, while the other is inhibited, which leads to a target-like performance. Structural properties of the stronger language tend to be activated, however, in the experimental tasks involving the weaker language, resulting in non-target-like responses.

11 Non-Articulated Bones

1972 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Joe Ben Wheat
Keyword(s):  
Lower Leg ◽  
Carpal Bones ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Animal Burrows ◽  
The Individual

The Olsen-Chubbuck Bone Bed (Table 15) produced a total of 4264 non-articulated bones, of which 4007 were found in the eastern part of the site, where nearly every bone was recorded. The figure of 257 bones recorded for the central and western parts of the site is undoubtedly low, although it is indicative of the generally lesser concentration of individual bones as well as articulated units in that part of the arroyo.It should not be imagined that all of the non-articulated bones represent complete butchering of those bones. No doubt, some of the individual bones became disarticulated through weathering between the butchering phase and final entombment in the bone deposit. This would certainly appear to be the case with such elements as vertebrae, sternal and costal elements, tarsal and carpal bones, phalanges, patellae, sesamoids, and isolated teeth. On the other hand, the butchering process, itself, probably resulted in the disarticulation of certain other kinds of skeletal parts. Removal and breakage of the mandible to get to the tongue, the consequent removal of the hyoid, breakage of the ribs, removal of the legs from the pelvis and the scapula, and removal of the lower leg, are examples of this kind of disarticulation. Even so, some of the leg components, such as femora and tibiae, humeri, radii, and ulnae, may have weathered apart. Some bones may also have been pulled apart by scavengers, but it should be noted in passing that remarkably little evidence was found that the bones had been gnawed by such animals. In any case, it would be difficult to assess completely the role played by weathering, washing, settling, and possible disturbance by scavengers, in the ultimate position of the bones. Even after covering, settling must have continued, and occasional animal burrows must have played a part in the final position of loose bones.

scholarly journals Action minimization and macroscopic interface motion under forced displacement

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 765-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiota Birmpa ◽  
Dimitrios Tsagkarogiannis
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Evolution Equation ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Interface Motion ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Non Local

We study an one dimensional model where an interface is the stationary solution of a mesoscopic non local evolution equation which has been derived by a microscopic stochastic spin system. Deviations from this evolution equation can be quantified by obtaining the large deviations cost functional from the underlying stochastic process. For such a functional, derived in a companion paper, we investigate the optimal way for a macroscopic interface to move from an initial to a final position distant by R within fixed time T. We find that for small values of R∕T the interface moves with a constant speed, while for larger values there appear nucleations of the other phase ahead of the front.

Content Coverage of Single-Word Tests Used to Assess Common Phonological Error Patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Kirk ◽  
Laura Vigeland
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Criterion Level ◽  
Content Coverage ◽  
Cluster Reduction

Purpose This review evaluated whether 9 single-word tests of phonological error patterns provide adequate content coverage to accurately identify error patterns that are active in a child's speech. Method Tests in the current study were considered to display sufficient opportunities to assess common phonological error patterns if they provided at least 4 opportunities for each of 11 error patterns. The target phonemes for these error patterns had to occur as singletons (except for final consonant deletion and cluster reduction) and in stressed syllables (except for weak syllable deletion). Error patterns for which positional asymmetries have been documented (velar fronting, stopping of fricatives and affricates, and cluster reduction) required 4 opportunities in both word-initial and word-final position to meet the study's criterion. Results None of the tests provided 4 opportunities for every error pattern, the criterion level used in this study. Error patterns that tended to be underrepresented across tests included weak syllable deletion, reduction of word-final clusters, fronting of velars, gliding of liquids, and deaffrication. Conclusion This review will allow clinicians to gain a deeper understanding of the methods used to assess phonological error patterns in single-word tests.

scholarly journals Encoding the plural-honorific suffix -ani and the imperfective anga in Malawian CiTonga (N.15)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-369
Author(s):  
Winfred Mkochi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status

Many Bantu languages have the plural-honorific suffix *-Vni and the imperfective morpheme *-a(n)g-. In most of these languages, *-Vni is reported to be clearly encoded at POST-FINAL position. On the other hand, *-a(n)g- is said to be ambiguously encoded, either at EXT (extension) in one language or FV (final vowel) in another language. Still in others it coexists at both EXT and FV; there has also been a suggestion that it is encoded at POST-FINAL in several others. This article argues that the status of both the plural-honorific suffix -ani (*-Vni) and the imperfective -anga (*-a(n)g)- in CiTonga is fluid, it prevaricates between EXTENSION (suffix), FV (the commonest), and POST-FINAL (clitic). Although these formatives can be encoded at these positions, they are shown to be functionally different from extensions, inflectional vowel suffixes and clitics

Modularity in developmental disorders: Evidence from Specific Language Impairment and peripheral dyslexias

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Friedmann ◽  
Aviah Gvion
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Neglect Dyslexia

Evidence from various subtypes of Specific Language Impairment and developmental peripheral dyslexias is presented to support the idea that even developmental disorders can be modular. However, in developmental letter position dyslexia and neglect dyslexia we show that additional errors can occur because of insufficient orthographic-lexical knowledge.

Korean L2 learners’ perception and production of Vietnamese tones

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Đích Mục Đào ◽  
Anh-Thư T. Nguyễn
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Language Transfer ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Korean Phonology ◽  
Vietnamese Speakers

Abstract This study investigated the production and perception of Vietnamese tones by Korean second language (L2) learners [n = 11], comparing their performance in an Imitation task to that in Identification and Read-Aloud tasks. The results showed that the Imitation task was generally easier for Korean speakers than the Identification and Read-Aloud tasks, suggesting that imitation was performed without some of the skills required by the other two tasks. The result on tonal F0 range and speakers’ tonal range showed that the Korean leaners have significantly narrower tonal F0 range than control Vietnamese speakers [n = 11]. The results of error pattern analysis and tonal transcription in this study also suggested the effects of phonetic realizations of lexical tones in Vietnamese that are in interaction with language transfer from Korean phonology.

Responses to Semantically Neutral Words in Varying Emotional Intonations

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-744
Author(s):  
Maura L. Krestar ◽  
Conor T. McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Word Identification ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Emotional Prosody ◽  
Emotional Speech ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Positively Charged

Purpose Recent research on perception of emotionally charged material has found both an “emotionality effect” in which participants respond differently to emotionally charged stimuli relative to neutral stimuli in some cognitive–linguistic tasks and a “negativity bias” in which participants respond differently to negatively charged stimuli relative to neutral and positively charged stimuli. The current study investigated young adult listeners' bias when responding to neutral-meaning words in 2 tasks that varied attention to emotional intonation. Method Half the participants completed a word identification task in which they were instructed to type a word they had heard presented binaurally through Sony stereo MDR-ZX100 headphones. The other half of the participants completed an intonation identification task in which they were instructed to use a SuperLab RB-740 button box to identify the emotional prosody of the same words over headphones. For both tasks, all auditory stimuli were semantically neutral words spoken in happy, sad, and neutral emotional intonations. Researchers measured percent correct and reaction time (RT) for each word in both tasks. Results In the word identification task, when identifying semantically neutral words spoken in happy, sad, and neutral intonations, listeners' RTs to words in a sad intonation were longer than RTs to words in a happy intonation. In the intonation identification task, when identifying the emotional intonation of the same words spoken in the same emotional tones of voice, listeners' RTs to words in a sad intonation were significantly faster than those in a neutral intonation. Conclusions Results demonstrate a potential attentional negativity bias for neutral words varying in emotional intonation. Such results support an attention-based theoretical account. In an intonation identification task, an advantage emerged for words in a negative (sad) intonation relative to words in a neutral intonation. Thus, current models of emotional speech should acknowledge the amount of attention to emotional content (i.e., prosody) necessary to complete a cognitive task, as it has the potential to bias processing.

Japanese te iu ka as a sentence-final expression in writing

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Nishi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Discussion Boards ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Final Expression

The present study explores cases of the use of the Japanese expression te iu ka in the sentence-final position in internet blogs and discussion boards. The analysis shows that there are two types of sentence-final te iu ka: one used for adding supplementary information and the other for mitigating the preceding statement. The present study also discusses processes through which te iu ka is placed in the sentence-final position. When sentence-final te iu ka is used to add supplementary information, the placement of te iu ka in the sentence-final position is caused by right dislocation. When sentence-final te iu ka is used for mitigation, it is caused by the omission of the B component in A te iu ka B. The present study contributes to the existing literature by offering the notion of two different formation processes of sentence-final te iu ka, which also affect its pragmatic functions.

Katherine Mansfield and Elizabeth von Arnim

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Katherine Mansfield ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
John Middleton Murry ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Final Letter

Recent scholarship on the complex relationship between Katherine Mansfield and her best-selling author cousin, Elizabeth von Arnim, has done much to shed light on the familial, personal and literary connections between these unlikely friends. Although their lives appeared to be very different (Mansfield’s largely one of penurious poor health, von Arnim’s chiefly one of robust privilege), we know that each of these women experienced the other as an influential presence. Moreover, Mansfield’s narrator in her early collection of short stories, In a German Pension (1911), bears marked resemblances with the protagonist of Elizabeth and her German Garden (1898), and von Arnim’s most radical novel, Vera (1921), was written at the height of her friendship with Mansfield. The final letter Mansfield ever wrote was to von Arnim and, following Mansfield's death in 1923, John Middleton Murry dedicated his posthumous collection of Mansfield’s poems as follows: ‘To Elizabeth of the German Garden who loved certain of these poems and their author’. This volume brings together contributions from leading scholars including Bonnie Kime Scott, Angela Smith and Andrew Thacker, including the prize-winning essay by Juliane Römhild and creative contributions from New Zealand writers Sarah Laing and Nina Powles.

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