scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium in Water, and Pharmaceutical Samples Using 1-Naphthol

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Suvardhan ◽  
S. Ramanaiah ◽  
K. Suresh Kumar ◽  
D. Rekha ◽  
Umayur Bhagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Water ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Samples ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Ultra Trace

Facile and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of trace and ultra trace amounts of chromium (VI) are described. 4-aminoantipyrine (APP) reacts with 1-naphthol (NPL) in presence of oxidising agent potassium dichromate in acidic medium to produce red coloured product having λmaxof 485 nm. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were 2.07x104l mol-1cm-1and 0.00240 μg/cm2respectively. The colour is stable for more than 6 h. The system obeys Beer's law in the range, 2-18 μg for determination of chromium (VI). The detection limits of chromium (VI) is 0.048 μg mL-1. The method is highly reproducible and has been applied to the analysis of chromium in synthetic, natural water samples and pharmaceutical preparations and the results compared favourably with the reported method.

scholarly journals Safety method, Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfamethaxazole drug in bulk and Pharmaceutical Preparations

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 607-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Stability Period ◽  
Orange Color

A simple, cheap, fast, accurate, Safety and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of sulfamethaxazole (SFMx), in pure form and pharmaceutical dosage forms. has been described The Method is based on the diazotization of the drug by sodium nitrite in acidic medium at 5Cº followed by coupling with salbutamol sulphate (SBS) drug to form orange color the product was stabilized and measured at 452 nm Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 2.5-87.5 ?g ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 2.5x104 L mole-1 cm-1. All variables including the reagent concentration, reaction time, color stability period, and sulfamethaxazole /salbutamol ratio were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interferences were observed Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. These methods are successfully employed for the determination of sulfamethaxazole in some pharmaceutical preparations.. The developed method is easy to use and accurate for routine studies relative to HPLC and other techniques.

scholarly journals Simple Methods for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Carvedilol

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Divya N. Shetty ◽  
B. Narayana
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Charge Transfer Complex ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

Two simple spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of carvedilol (CAR). Method A is the condensation reaction of CAR with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB), and the reaction mixture exhibits maximum absorbance at 601 nm. Method B is based on the charge transfer complex formation of CAR with p-chloranil; the color developed is measured at 662 nm. The calibration graphs are found to be linear over 50.00–250.00 and 20.00–100.0 μg mL−1 with molar absorptivity values of 0.92×103 and 0.257×104 L mol−1cm−1 for CAR-PDAB and CAR-p-chloranil, respectively. Statistical comparisons of the results are performed with regard to accuracy and precision using Student’s t-test and F-test at 95% confidence level. The methods are successfully employed for the determination of CAR in pharmaceutical preparations, and the results agree favorably with the reference and proposed methods.

New, simple and validated UV-spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of sodium usnate in preparations

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Savić ◽  
Goran Nikolić ◽  
Ivan Savić ◽  
Saša Zlatković ◽  
Dragiša Djokić
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Coefficient ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ich Guidelines ◽  
Beer’S Law

New, simple, cost effective, accurate and reproducible UV-spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the estimation of sodium usnate in pharmaceutical preparations. Sodium usnate was estimated at 290 nm in water and phosphate buffer (pH 3):methanol (11:20 V/V). Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.1–5 μg·cm−3 (r = 0.997) in water and 1–12 μg·cm−3 (r = 0.999) in the phosphate buffer:methanol. The apparent molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity coefficient were found to be 3.16×104 dm3·mol−1·cm−1 and 11.58 ng·cm–2/0.001 A in water and 3.72×104 dm3·mol−1·cm−1 and 9.83 ng·cm–2/0.001 A in phosphate buffer:methanol, respectively, indicating the high sensitivity of the proposed methods. These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. The detection and quantitation limits were found to be 0.0721 and 0.2163 μg·cm–3 in water and 0.163, 0.489 μg·cm−3 in phosphate buffer:methanol, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of sodium usnate in pharmaceutical preparations. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise and reproducible (R.S.D. < 2 %).

scholarly journals Simple Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Sulfamethaxazole in Pharmaceuticals Using Folinciocalteau and Orcinol as Reagents

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vijaya Raja ◽  
C. Bala Sekaran ◽  
D. Winnie Teja ◽  
B. Madhuri ◽  
B. Jayasree
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Phosphomolybdic Acid ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Maximum Absorption ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods

Two simple, sensitive and reproducible spectrophotometric methods (Method A and Method B) were developed for the determination of sulfamethaxazole in bulk and in dosage forms. Method A is based reduction of phosphomolybdic acid present in Folin Ciocalteau reagent by the drug sulfamethaxazole in the presence of sodium carbonate to form a blue colored chromogen having maximum absorption at 760 nm. Method B is based on the diazotization of the drug by sodium nitrite in acidic medium at 5°C followed by coupling with orcinol to form yellow colored species (λmax390 nm). Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 5-25 μg/mL for method A and 2-10 μg/mL for method B. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. These methods are successfully employed for the determination of sulfamethaxazole in various pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium Using Indigo Carmine -Application in Various Samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-567
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Indigo Carmine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Versus Solution

A rapid, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of chromium is studied. The method is based on the interaction of chromium with indigo carmine dye in acidic medium and the presence of oxalates as a catalyst for interaction, and after studying the absorption spectrum of the solution resulting observed decrease in the intensity of the absorption. As happened (Bleaching) for color dye, this palace and directly proportional to the chromium (VI) amount was measured intensity of the absorption versus solution was figurehead at a wavelength of 610 nm. A plot of absorbance with chromium (VI) concentration gives a straight line indicating that Beer’s law has been obeyed over the range of 0.5 -70 µg /25 ml, i.e., 0.02- 2.8 ppm with a molar absorptivity of chromium (VI) 1.71? 104 l.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell’s sensitivity index of 0.0030 µg.cm-2 .The detection limit of chromium was (DL) 0.0012 µg.mL-1 and a relative standard deviation of ? (0.70 -1.86)% depended on the concentration level. The method is developed for the determination of chromium(III) and has been successfully applied to the determination of chromium in various water samples, Pharmaceutical preparations ,standard rock sample of (MRG-1).

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Bromhexine Hydrochloride in Its Pharmaceutical Preparations by Diazotization and Coupling Method

2020 ◽  
pp. 2172-2181
Author(s):  
Saad Hasani Sultan ◽  
Zainab Walid Majed
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dye ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Alkali Medium

A simple, fast, and sensitive spectrophotometric method was suggested for the determination of Bromhexine Hydrochloride (BHH) in its pharmaceutical formulations. The method depends on the diazotization of BHH by sodium nitrite in acidic medium to produce the corresponding diazonium salt. The latter is coupled with phloroglucinol reagent in alkali medium to form a yellow water soluble azo-dye which has a maximum absorption at 405 nm with a molar absorptivity of 2.7×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandellʼs sensitivity of 0.01517 µg.cm-1. Beerʼs low is obeyed within a concentration range of 0.25-15 µg.mL-1 of BHH. The LOD and LOQ values of the proposed method were 0.087 µg.mL-1 and 0.293 µg.ml-1, respectively. The proposed method was validated with standard methods and successfully applied to the determination of Bromhexine in its pharmaceutical formulations as tablets, syrup, and injections.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Antidepressants in Pharmaceutical Preparations

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
ArmaĞan Önal ◽  
Ş. Evrim Kepeki ◽  
S MÜge Çetin ◽  
Sidika ErtÜrk
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Drug Substances

Abstract Simple and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of sertraline, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in pharmaceutical preparations. The methods are based on the reactions between the studied drug substances and ion-pair agents (bromothymol blue, bromocresol green, or bromophenol blue) to produce yellow-colored ion-pair complexes in acidic buffers. After extracting in chloroform, the ion-pair complexes are spectrophotometrically determined at the optimum wavelength. Optimizations of the reaction conditions were carried out. Beer's law was obeyed within the concentration range from 1 to 15 μg/mL. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, and detection and quantification limits were also determined. The developed methods were applied successfully for the determination of these drugs in some available commercial preparations. The results were compared statistically with those obtained from reported high-performance liquid chromatography methods.

scholarly journals Condensation Methods for the Determination of Darunavir in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
M.L.N. Acharyulu ◽  
P.V.S.R. Mohana Rao ◽  
I. Siva Ramakoti
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods

Two visible spectrophotometric methods were developed Aand B for the determination of Darunavir in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. The methods are based on condensation reaction with PDAB (Method-A) and ONB (Method-B) in presence of acidic medium with the primaryamine group in DNV. The coloured products exhibit absorption λmax at 639 nm and 452nm for methods A and B respectively. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges 10-60μg/ml, 50-300 μg/ml, correlation co-efficients are 0.9983, 0.9989;Sandell’s sensitivities are9.9833 x 10-3, 3.0456 x 10-2(1 mole cm-1); and molar absorptivity values are5.4857 x 104,1.7981x 104 (μg cm-2) for methods-Aand B respectively. The proposed methods are applied to commercial available formulations and the results are statistically compared with those obtained by the UV reference method and validated by recovery studies. The results are found satisfactory and reproducible. These methods are applied successfully for the estimation of the DNV in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in formulations. These methods offer the advantages of rapidity, simplicity and sensitivity and low cost without the need for expensive instrumentation and reagents.

scholarly journals Leishman’s Dye as a Novel Reagent in Spectrophotometric Determination of Chloramphenicol

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Jamal Sudad Raeek Othman Nabeel Sabeeh
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Drug Compounds

By reviewing the literature, there is no indication concerning the use of Leishman’s dye in evaluating drug compounds by dye-color bleaching; hence, it is the first attempt to use Leishman’s dye as a novel reagent in the estimation of chloramphenicol (CAP) by an indirect spectrophotometric method in bulk and in its pharmaceutical preparations. The method includes the use of a great amount of N-bromosuccinamide (NBS) in the acidic medium as an oxidizing agent of the drug under investigation (CAP), and then using the residual of NBS for Leishman’s dye color bleaching. The absorbance has been measured at 622 nm (the maximum absorption of Leishman’s dye). A linear relationship was obtained for the Beer’s law with the concentration ranges from 10 to 250 μg/10 mL with acceptable values of molar absorptivity 0.58 × 104 L.mol-1.cm-1 and 0.055 μg.cm-2 of Sandell’s sensitivity index, which mean a high sensitivity. An approved estimation of CAP in its various pharmaceutical formulations was found.

scholarly journals Indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Chromium

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Balasubramanian ◽  
V Maheswari
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Medium ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride

Abstract A sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining trace amounts of chromium(VI) is described. In the presence of acetate buffer, chromium(VI) oxidizes hydroxylamine quantitatively to nitrite at pH 4.0 ± 0.5. The nitrite diazotizes p-nitroaniline to form a diazonium salt that, in acidic medium, couples with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form an azo dye with a molar absorptivity of 4.1 x 104 L/mol-cm at 545 nm. The color is stable for 5 h, and the system obeys Beer's law in the range 0-8 μg chromium(VI) in a final volume of 10 mL. The detection limit of chromium(VI) is 0.6 μg. Chromium(lll) can be determined after it is oxidized with bromine water in alkaline medium to chromium(VT). Extraction of the azo dye in alkaline medium with methyl isobutyl ketone followed by addition of methanolic hydrochloric acid permitted determination of chromium(VI) down to 10 ng/mL. The method has been used to determine chromium in alloy steels, pharmaceutical preparations, and industrial effluents.

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