scholarly journals West Nile Virus Surveillance and Diagnostic: A Canadian Perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Drebot ◽  
Robbin Lindsay ◽  
Ian K Barker ◽  
Peter A Buck ◽  
Margaret Fearon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Genomic Amplification ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

A surveillance program has been in place since 2000 to detect the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in Canada. Serological assays are most appropriate when monitoring for human disease and undertaking case investigations. Genomic amplification procedures are more commonly used for testing animal and mosquito specimens collected as part of ongoing surveillance efforts. The incursion of WNV into this country was documented for the first time in 2001 when WNV was demonstrated in 12 Ontario health units during the late summer and fall. In 2002 WNV activity was documented by avian surveillance in Ontario by mid-May with subsequent expansion of the virus throughout Ontario and into Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia. Human cases were recorded in both Ontario and Quebec in 2002 with approximately 800 to 1000 probable, confirmed and suspect cases detected. The possible recurrence and further spread of WNV to other parts of Canada in 2003 must be anticipated with potential risk to public health. The continued surveillance and monitoring for WNV-associated human illness is necessary and appropriate disease prevention measures need to be in place in 2003.

Detection of Usutu Virus Within a West Nile Virus Surveillance Program in Northern Italy

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Tamba ◽  
Paolo Bonilauri ◽  
Romeo Bellini ◽  
Mattia Calzolari ◽  
Alessandro Albieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Virus Surveillance

scholarly journals West Nile virus in California, 2003–2018: A persistent threat

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0008841
Author(s):  
Robert E. Snyder ◽  
Tina Feiszli ◽  
Leslie Foss ◽  
Sharon Messenger ◽  
Ying Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
West Nile ◽  
California Department ◽  
Public Health Agencies

The California Arbovirus Surveillance Program was initiated over 50 years ago to track endemic encephalitides and was enhanced in 2000 to include West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans, mosquitoes, sentinel chickens, dead birds and horses. This comprehensive statewide program is a function of strong partnerships among the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), the University of California, and local vector control and public health agencies. This manuscript summarizes WNV surveillance data in California since WNV was first detected in 2003 in southern California. From 2003 through 2018, 6,909 human cases of WNV disease, inclusive of 326 deaths, were reported to CDPH, as well as 730 asymptomatic WNV infections identified during screening of blood and organ donors. Of these, 4,073 (59.0%) were reported as West Nile neuroinvasive disease. California’s WNV disease burden comprised 15% of all cases that were reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during this time, more than any other state. Additionally, 1,299 equine WNV cases were identified, along with detections of WNV in 23,322 dead birds, 31,695 mosquito pools, and 7,340 sentinel chickens. Annual enzootic detection of WNV typically preceded detection in humans and prompted enhanced intervention to reduce the risk of WNV transmission. Peak WNV activity occurred from July through October in the Central Valley and southern California. Less than five percent of WNV activity occurred in other regions of the state or outside of this time. WNV continues to be a major threat to public and wild avian health in California, particularly in southern California and the Central Valley during summer and early fall months. Local and state public health partners must continue statewide human and mosquito surveillance and facilitate effective mosquito control and bite prevention measures.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016–2017

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Freude-Marié Bertram ◽  
Peter N. Thompson ◽  
Marietjie Venter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Neurological Signs

Although West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic to South Africa (RSA), it has only become recognized as a significant cause of neurological disease in humans and horses locally in the past 2 decades, as it emerged globally. This article describes the epidemiological and clinical presentation of WNV in horses across RSA during 2016–2017. In total, 54 WNV-positive cases were identified by passive surveillance in horses with febrile and/or neurological signs at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria. They were followed up and compared to 120 randomly selected WNV-negative controls with the same case definition and during the same time period. Of the WNV-positive cases, 52% had fever, 92% displayed neurological signs, and 39% experienced mortality. Cases occurred mostly in WNV-unvaccinated horses <5 years old, during late summer and autumn after heavy rain, in the temperate to warm eastern parts of RSA. WNV-positive cases that had only neurological signs without fever were more likely to die. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV. Vaccination is currently the most effective prophylactic measure to reduce WNV morbidity and mortality in horses.

scholarly journals One Health approach for West Nile virus surveillance in the European Union: relevance of equine data for blood safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna J Young ◽  
Denis Coulombier ◽  
Dragoslav Domanović ◽  
Hervé Zeller ◽  
Céline M Gossner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Human Case ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Blood Safety ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu

West Nile virus (WNV) infection is notifiable in humans and equids in the European Union (EU). An area where a human case is detected is considered affected until the end of the mosquito transmission season (week 48) and blood safety measures have to be implemented. We used human and equine case notifications between 2013 and 2017 to define the WNV distribution in the EU and to investigate the relevance of using equine cases as a complementary trigger for blood safety measures. Adding areas with equine cases to the definition of an affected area would have a major impact on blood safety measures. Adding areas with equine cases where human cases have been reported in the past would increase the timeliness of blood safety measures with only a limited impact. Although the occurrence of human and/or equine cases confirms virus circulation in the EU, no evidence was found that occurrence of equine cases leads to human cases and vice versa. We conclude that information about equine data should contribute to raising awareness among public health experts and trigger enhanced surveillance. Further studies are required before extending the definition of affected areas to areas with human and/or equine cases.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Devastates an American Crow Population

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolee Caffrey ◽  
Shauna C. R. Smith ◽  
Tiffany J. Weston
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

Abstract In its spread west across North America in 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) reached a population of marked American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in late summer. Within two months, 46 of 120 individuals were missing or known to be dead, 39 of which (33% of the population) are estimated to have died for WNV-related reasons. In 2003, 56 of 78 marked crows disappeared or were found dead between June and November. Five of the 28 juvenile losses were possibly unrelated to WNV, thus we estimate that 65% of our population died because of this pathogen in 2003. The total loss of 72% of population members, including 82% of juveniles, in a single year of WNV exposure raises concern for precipitous declines in American Crow populations in coming years. El Virus del Nilo Occidental Devasta una Población de Corvus brachyrhynchos Resumen. En su diseminación hacia el oeste de América del Norte durante 2002, el Virus del Nilo Occidental alcanzó a fines del verano una población marcada de Corvus brachyrhynchos en Stillwater, Oklahoma. En menos de dos meses, 46 de los 120 individuos registrados desaparecieron o murieron, 39 de los cuales (33% de la población) estimamos que murieron por causas relacionadas con el virus. En 2003, 56 de los 78 cuervos marcados desaparecieron o fueron encontrados muertos entre junio y noviembre. Cinco de las 28 pérdidas de juveniles posiblemente no estuvieron relacionadas con el virus, por lo que estimamos que el 65% de nuestra población murió a causa de este patógeno en 2003. La pérdida total del 72% de los miembros de la población, incluyendo el 82% de los juveniles, en un solo año de exposición al virus plantea preocupaciones en cuanto a la posibilidad de una disminución precipitada de las poblaciones de C. brachyrhynchos en los próximos años.

scholarly journals Importance of Multidisciplinary and Regional Collaboration in Integrated West Nile Virus Surveillance - the „One Health” Concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek ◽  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Ljubo Barbić ◽  
Pavle Jeličić ◽  
Sava Lazić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Regional Collaboration ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

West Nile virus (WNV) danas je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih arbovirusa. U posljednja se dva desetljeća WNV infekcije kontinuirano pojavljuju na području Europe u obliku manjih ili većih epidemija i epizootija. U ovom preglednom radu prikazujemo epidemiološke značajke WNV infekcija koje su dokazane na području Hrvatske i Srbije u kontekstu “Jednog zdravlja”. Prikazani rezultati potvrđuju značaj multidisciplinarne i regionalne suradnje u dijagnostici i praćenju ove (re-)emergentne virusne zoonoze.

scholarly journals Enterovirus Detection as a Result of West Nile Virus Surveillance

2007 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 936-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Harvey ◽  
Anthony H. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Surveillance, Guadeloupe, 2003–2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1100-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Lefrançois ◽  
Bradley J. Blitvich ◽  
Jennifer Pradel ◽  
Sophie Molia ◽  
Nathalie Vachiéry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance
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