scholarly journals Tolerance to Morphine Analgesia: Influence of Pain and Method of Morphine Delivery

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A Chen ◽  
Anthony L Vaccarino
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Test ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Morphine Analgesia ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Analgesic Tolerance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tail Immersion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Tolerance ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital Anesthesia

Whether some kinds of pain can modify the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia is a controversial issue. Clinically, the development of tolerance is often difficult to establish because many factors can contribute to a decline in analgesic coverage, including disease progression. Basic animal research designed to examine tolerance provides the experimental control necessary to differentiate 'real' tolerance from other variables that can influence morphine analgesia. The present study examines the effects of inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia produced by two different methods of morphine delivery - repeated bolus injections and continuous infusion. Male Long-Evans hooded rats were injected with CFA (0.2 mL) into the right hind paw under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia or were given anesthesia alone. Starting 24 h later, rats either received an injection of morphine (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) on four consecutive days or were implanted with a 72 h osmotic minipump that delivered 80 mg/kg morphine over a similar time period. Control animals received saline injections or were implanted with empty minipumps. After 24 h, sensitivity to morphine-induced analgesia was measured by the tail-immersion test (water maintained at 52°C) using a cumulative dosing procedure. It was found that CFA attenuated tolerance to the morphine analgesia that was induced by intraperitoneal injections of morphine. In contrast, when morphine was delivered via osmotic minipumps, significant analgesic tolerance was observed in animals that received morphine in the presence of CFA but not in those that received morphine in the absence of CFA. These results show the importance of the method used to deliver morphine in determining the effects of pain on the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia.

Regional inhomogeneity of alveolar air and R.Q. differences in the lungs of the normal dog

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Alveolar Air ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
The Right ◽  
Regional Inhomogeneity ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital Anesthesia

Regional inhomogeneity of alveolar air was studied by simultaneous sampling through catheters in primary or secondary bronchi, at the end of normal expiration in dogs under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. With dogs lying on the back, the right lung usually had the lower Pco2, higher Po2 and higher R. P( t) < .001 for each difference. In the side-lying position the ‘down’ lung usually had the higher Po2 and R unless the catheters were placed so deep as to differentially obstruct the airway in that lung. Submitted on July 3, 1958

scholarly journals Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome induced by short-term weight loss: a case series

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudai Tamura ◽  
Tomohiro Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Uncommon Condition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Background Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is an uncommon condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation in the standing or sitting position that improves in the supine position. Case summary We report two cases of POS caused by an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both cases reported a recent decrease in body weight of more than 10 kg in a short time period. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with agitated saline bubble study revealed and a large amount of contrast bubble through the ASD (Patient 1) or the PFO (Patient 2) from the right atrium to the left atrium in the sitting position. Both patients were diagnosed by the finding of positional dyspnoea and the results of TOE using agitated saline bubble contrast. Discussion Taken together, their presentations suggest that weight loss in a short time period could be a pathogenic factor for POS.

Evaluation of β-Adrenerglc Blocking Agents in Presence of Adrenergic Tone

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
Victor Elharrar ◽  
Reginald A. Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Chronotropic Response ◽  
Blocking Agents ◽  
Sinus Node Artery ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
The Right

The importance of the level of adrenergic tone in the determination of the dose–response curve to noradrenaline (NA) and in the evaluation of β-adrenergic blocking agents was studied in open-chest sodium pentobarbital anesthetized dogs by injecting drugs directly into the sinus node artery. Changes in the level of adrenergic tone by stimulating the right stellate ganglion resulted in variation of the observed chronotropic response to NA and of its ED50. The chronotropic responses were corrected by taking into account the underlying adrenergic tone. The negative chronotropic effect of dl-propranolol (1 and 10 μg) appeared to be related to its β-blocking properties and not to its quinidine-like effects as shown by the lack of effect of d-propranolol injected at the same doses. The magnitude of the negative chronotropic effects of 10 μg of propranolol and 100 μg of practolol, oxprenolol, and sotalol was shown to be related to the initial heart rate and consequently to the level of adrenergic tone. The comparison of these four β-blocking agents was carried out on corrected dose-response curves to NA. Their relative potencies were found to be: propranolol > oxprenolol > practolol > sotalol, corresponding to ratios of 1, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]

scholarly journals High-Risk Medication Use and Polypharmacy in Older Veterans Who Attempt Suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 747-747
Author(s):  
Ruth Morin ◽  
Yixia Li ◽  
Michael Steinman ◽  
Ilse Wiechers ◽  
Amy Byers
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Medical Diagnoses ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Time Period

Abstract Late-life veteran suicide is a public health concern, and may overlap with recent high-risk medication use. We identified use in the 6 months prior to attempt and assessed salient risk factors. 13,872 veterans aged 50 years and older that attempted suicide were compared with demographically-matched controls utilizing VHA healthcare in a similar time period. Medications potentially related to suicide risk were included. Other variables were psychiatric and medical diagnoses, fatality of attempt and means. Compared with controls, veterans who attempted were nearly 3 times more likely to have been prescribed benzodiazepines and opioids, even when controlling for other diagnoses. Those taking 3 or more high-risk medications were between 7 and 11 times more likely to attempt than controls, with a higher risk of death particularly by drug overdose. These findings begin to uncover the complex contribution of prescription medications and polypharmacy to late-life veteran suicide, with implications for prevention. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Aging, Alcohol and Addictions Interest Group.

Exodus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hart ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Deep Space ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Religious Ceremony ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Archeological Evidence ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
The Right

What makes a "religious" holiday? Does the combination of ritual, culture, and family custom all merge together to create "religion?" Does it even matter if the historical basis for religious stories are false? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the spaceship computer AI wakes up a family in deep space hibernation to give them time to prepare for, and celebrate, Passover. There are many situations unique to being in space that must be overcome; determining the right time period when taking into consideration time dilation, not to mention missing ingredients for traditional foods. Also, they are short two people of the requisite ten and ask the computer AI to "convert" and serve the role of two additional Jewish people. Awkwardly, the computer reminds them that some of their traditional stories are not supported by archeological evidence. This all begs important questions about the complicated weaving of history, faith, culture, and family custom in religious ceremony.

Pressure-flow and volume-flow relationships of the systemic circulation of the dog

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Green
Keyword(s):  
Volume Flow ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Atrial Pressure ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Right Atrial Pressure ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Pressure Flow ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Right

Mean systemic pressure-flow (Ps-Q) and volume-flow (V-Q) relationships of the systemic vascular bed were determined in two groups of dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (group I) and with methoxyflurane (group II). All blood returning to the heart (Q) was removed from the right atrial appendage and passed through a Starling resistor, a pump, a flowmeter , and then returned directly into the pulmonary artery. Ps was estimated from plateau values of right atrial pressure obtained during stop-flow procedures. Both the Ps-Q and V-Q relationships were nonlinear. This nonlinearity may be attributed to a redistribution of blood flow between systemic vascular compartments of unequal time constants. With group II, the Ps-Q and V-Q curves were shifted markedly to the right along the Ps and V axes, respectively. Evidence is presented which suggests that this shift was due to an effective back pressure other than right atrial pressure produced by a hepatic waterfall. The beta-adrenergic antagonist practolol increased the effective back pressure and augmented the shift in the Ps-Q and V-Q curves.

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