scholarly journals The Ozone Layer and Metered Dose Inhalers

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Boulet
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Phase Out

The stratospheric ozone layer plays a crucial role in protecting living organisms against ultraviolet radiation. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) contained in metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) contribute to ozone depletion and in accordance with theMontreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layerestablished 10 years ago, phase-out strageies have been developed worldwide for this category of agents. Alternatives to CFC-containing inhalers have been developed, such as powder inhalers and those using hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) as propellants, which have been shown to be as safe and effective as CFC-containing inhalers and even offer interesting advantages over older inhalers. The transition to non-CFC MDIs requires a major effort to make the new products available and to ensure adequate comparision with the previous ones. It also requires a harmonization of actions taken by industry, government, licencing bodies and patients or health professional associations to ensure adequate information and education to the public and respiratory care providers.

METERED-DOSE INHALERS: DO HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS KNOW WHAT TO TEACH?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Allen A. Adinoff
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Metered Dose

This study confirms that a large percentage of patients use MDI improperly. It also demonstrates a significant lack of understanding by health care providers of the proper use of MDI. Furthermore, this study supports the use of respiratory care practitioners in the outpatient setting, since they were the most proficient among all the health care providers in the proper use of MDI.

scholarly journals Metered-Dose Inhalers and the Ozone Layer

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 642-642
Author(s):  
Danial E. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Metered Dose

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone measurements at Arosa (Switzerland): history and scientific relevance

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 6567-6584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Staehelin ◽  
Pierre Viatte ◽  
Rene Stübi ◽  
Fiona Tummon ◽  
Thomas Peter
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Global Environmental Policy ◽  
Chemical Destruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances

Abstract. Climatic Observatory (LKO) in Arosa (Switzerland), marking the beginning of the world's longest series of total (or column) ozone measurements. They were driven by the recognition that atmospheric ozone is important for human health, as well as by scientific curiosity about what was, at the time, an ill characterised atmospheric trace gas. From around the mid-1950s to the beginning of the 1970s studies of high atmosphere circulation patterns that could improve weather forecasting was justification for studying stratospheric ozone. In the mid-1970s, a paradigm shift occurred when it became clear that the damaging effects of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), such as long-lived chlorofluorocarbons, needed to be documented. This justified continuing the ground-based measurements of stratospheric ozone. Levels of ODSs peaked around the mid-1990s as a result of a global environmental policy to protect the ozone layer, implemented through the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments and adjustments. Consequently, chemical destruction of stratospheric ozone started to slow around the mid-1990s. To some extent, this raises the question as to whether continued ozone observation is indeed necessary. In the last decade there has been a tendency to reduce the costs associated with making ozone measurements globally including at Arosa. However, the large natural variability in ozone on diurnal, seasonal, and interannual scales complicates the capacity for demonstrating the success of the Montreal Protocol. Chemistry-climate models also predict a super-recovery of the ozone layer at mid-latitudes in the second half of this century, i.e. an increase of ozone concentrations beyond pre-1970 levels, as a consequence of ongoing climate change. These factors, and identifying potentially unexpected stratospheric responses to climate change, support the continued need to document stratospheric ozone changes. This is particularly valuable at the Arosa site, due to the unique length of the observational record. This paper presents the evolution of the ozone layer, the history of international ozone research, and discusses the justification for the measurements in the past, present and into future.

scholarly journals Healing the Ozone Layer

2019 ◽  
pp. 304-322
Author(s):  
Frederike Albrecht ◽  
Charles F. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone Layer ◽  
Environmental Regimes ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances

The Montreal Protocol—the regime designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer—has widely been hailed as the gold standard of global environmental governance and is one of few examples of international institutional cooperative arrangements successfully solving complex transnational problems. Although the stratospheric ozone layer still bears the impacts of ozone depleting substances (ODSs), the problem of ozone depletion is well on its way to being solved due to the protocol. This chapter examines how the protocol was designed and implemented in a way that has allowed it to successfully overcome a number of thorny challenges that most international environmental regimes must face: how to attract sufficient participation, how to promote compliance and manage non-compliance, how to strengthen commitments over time, how to neutralize or co-opt potential ‘veto players’, how to make the costs of implementation affordable, how to leverage public opinion in support of the regime’s goals, and, ultimately, how to promote the behavioural and policy changes needed to solve the problems and achieve the goals the regime was designed to solve. The chapter concludes that while some of the reasons for the Montreal Protocol’s success, such as fairly affordable, available substitutes for ODSs, are not easy to replicate, there are many other elements of this story that can be utilized when thinking about how to design solutions to other transnational environmental problems.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone depletion

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1469) ◽  
pp. 769-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sherwood Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Solar Ultraviolet

Solar ultraviolet radiation creates an ozone layer in the atmosphere which in turn completely absorbs the most energetic fraction of this radiation. This process both warms the air, creating the stratosphere between 15 and 50 km altitude, and protects the biological activities at the Earth's surface from this damaging radiation. In the last half-century, the chemical mechanisms operating within the ozone layer have been shown to include very efficient catalytic chain reactions involving the chemical species HO, HO 2 , NO, NO 2 , Cl and ClO. The NO X and ClO X chains involve the emission at Earth's surface of stable molecules in very low concentration (N 2 O, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, etc.) which wander in the atmosphere for as long as a century before absorbing ultraviolet radiation and decomposing to create NO and Cl in the middle of the stratospheric ozone layer. The growing emissions of synthetic chlorofluorocarbon molecules cause a significant diminution in the ozone content of the stratosphere, with the result that more solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290–320 nm wavelength) reaches the surface. This ozone loss occurs in the temperate zone latitudes in all seasons, and especially drastically since the early 1980s in the south polar springtime—the ‘Antarctic ozone hole’. The chemical reactions causing this ozone depletion are primarily based on atomic Cl and ClO, the product of its reaction with ozone. The further manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been banned by the 1992 revisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the United Nations. Atmospheric measurements have confirmed that the Protocol has been very successful in reducing further emissions of these molecules. Recovery of the stratosphere to the ozone conditions of the 1950s will occur slowly over the rest of the twenty-first century because of the long lifetime of the precursor molecules.

Sustainable Tourism Policy Frameworks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Coghlan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Significant Achievement ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Phase Out

Having looked at the external and internal challenges facing the move towards more sustainable tourism, and the impacts of tourism, you should now be wondering how sustainability in tourism can be turned into more than an ideal. Perhaps one of the most obvious way to achieve this is simply to regulate the sector. After all regulation worked for the ozone layer: scientists raised the alarm in the 1970s that a hole was appearing in the atmosphere’s ozone layer, caused by Ozone Depleting Substances or ODS (most notably CFCs) and resulting in adverse effects on human health and the environment. By 1987 the Montreal Protocol was established to phase out the use of ODS, and by June 2015, all countries in the United Nations, the Cook Islands, Holy See, Niue and the supranational European Union had ratified the original Protocol. The result was a 98% drop in ODS since ratification, and the hole is expected to have fully repaired itself by 2050. A significant achievement in terms of international cooperation, based on scientific advice.

Total columns of freons retrieved from ground-based IR solar spectra measurements near Saint Petersburg, Russia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Polyakov ◽  
Maria Makarova ◽  
Yana Virolainen ◽  
Anatoly Poberovsky ◽  
Yury Timofeyev
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Spectral Interval ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Saint Petersburg

<p>Measurements of the atmospheric total columns (TCs) of trichlorofluoromethane CCl<sub>3</sub>F (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane CCl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub> (CFC-12), and chlorodifluoromethane CHClF<sub>2</sub> (HCFC-22)  at the NDACC station St. Petersburg are considered. These gases are the most common representatives of a group of aliphatic organic compounds often called by the DuPont brandname "Freons". Since the 30-ies of the last century, they have been used in industrial applications as refrigerants and propellants. Due to their destructive effect on the ozone layer the production of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol entered into force in 1989, which led to the beginning of a decrease in their content. Nevertheless, they are still one of the major anthropogenic sources of active chlorine that destroys ozone in the stratosphere. HCFC-22 became a replacement for the most dangerous for ozone layer freons, but later it was also recognized as a dangerous compound for stratospheric ozone. Nowadays, the production and consumption of HCFC-22 are reduced and it is planned to be completely phased out. Therefore, the monitoring the content of freons in the atmosphere is very important.</p><p>Although the content of freons is measured by satellite methods and the sampling method, only the ground-based IR method based on the measurement of IR solar radiation allows obtaining TCs of freons.</p><p>A technique for ground-based measurements of the TCs of CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFH-22 has been developed. The technique is based on the ground-based measurements of solar IR spectra by IFS125HR instrument. For the processing of spectra, the SFIT4 software is used. The analyzed spectral windows are: 1160 – 1162 cm<sup>-1</sup> for CFC-12, 828.75 – 829.4cm<sup>-1</sup> for HCFC-22, and  830 – 860 cm<sup>-1</sup> for CFC-11. Due to the wide spectral interval for CFC-11 retrieval, the preliminary measured spectral transmission function of the instrument filter, the water vapor continuum, and the absorption of radiation by an ice on the MCT detector are taken into account as well. Systematic and random errors of TCs retrieval are estimated as 7.4% and 2.9% for the CFC-11 TCs, 5.0% and 3.7% for the CFC-12 TCs, and 2.0% and 2.7% for the HCFH -22 TCs.</p><p>Estimates of TCs above Saint Petersburg have been obtained using the developed technique for the period of 2009 – 2019. The variability during  a day is of 0.8, 0.9, and 3.7 %, the total variabilitiey for 2009 – 2019 is of 3.7, 2.4 and 5.6%, for CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22, respectively. Trend estimates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22 for 2009 –2019 are –0.31±0.07%, –0.45 ± 0.06% and +2.2 ± 0.14%, respectively, which  are consistent with data from other authors.</p><p>In recent years, a tendency toward a decrease of HCFC-22 TCs in the atmosphere above St. Petersburg has been observed, that can be associated with the restriction of HCFC-22 production and use.</p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>Measurements of solar radiation were performed with the equipment of the resource center "Geomodel". The investigation was supported by grant 18-05-00426 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of the Montreal Protocol on Antarctic Surface Mass Balance and Implications for Global Sea Level Rise

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (18) ◽  
pp. 7247-7253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Previdi ◽  
Lorenzo M. Polvani
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Global Sea Level

Abstract The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in 1987, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). A growing body of scientific evidence now suggests that the implementation of the Montreal Protocol will have significant effects on climate over the next several decades, both by enabling stratospheric ozone recovery and by decreasing atmospheric concentrations of ODSs, which are greenhouse gases. Here, using a state-of-the-art chemistry–climate model, the Community Earth System Model (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) [CESM(WACCM)], it is shown that the Montreal Protocol, through its impact on atmospheric ODS concentrations, leads to a substantial decrease in Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) over the period 2006–65 relative to a hypothetical “World Avoided” scenario in which the Montreal Protocol has not been implemented. This SMB decrease produces an additional 25 mm of global sea level rise (GSLR) by the year 2065 relative to the present day. It is found, however, that the additional GSLR resulting from the relative decrease in Antarctic SMB is more than offset by a reduction in ocean thermal expansion, leading to a net mitigation of future GSLR due to the Montreal Protocol.

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