scholarly journals Small Bowel Review - Part II

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 607-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABR Thomson ◽  
G Wild
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Transforming Growth Factors ◽  
Enterocyte Proliferation ◽  
Enteral And Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Made In

Significant advances have been made in the study of the small bowel. Part II of this two-part review of the small bowel examines the early development and later ageing of the small bowel; the effect of diabetes, alcohol, radiation and HIV on the small bowel; enteral and parenteral nutrition; the brush border membrane and enterocyte proliferation; and peptide hormones (including transforming growth factors, motilin, peptide YY and cholecystokinin).

scholarly journals Small Bowel Review - Part II

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABR Thomson ◽  
E Jarocka-Cyrta ◽  
J Faria ◽  
GE Wild
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Epithelium

The small bowel has undergone intense study. Part II of this review of the small bowel summarizes the current knowledge about the permeability of the gastrointestinal epithelium; the brush border membrane; motility; carbohydrates; diabetes; ethanol; diet; and diagnostic procedures.

Oral polyamine administration modifies the ontogeny of hexose transporter gene expression in the postnatal rat intestine

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. G453-G460 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Wild ◽  
L. E. Searles ◽  
K. G. Koski ◽  
L. A. Drozdowski ◽  
J. Begum-Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
Enterocyte Proliferation ◽  
Glucose Transporter 2 ◽  
Postnatal Rats

Gastrointestinal mucosal polyamines influence enterocyte proliferation and differentiation during small intestinal maturation in the rat. Studies in postnatal rats have shown that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) protein and mRNA peak before the maximal expression of brush-border membrane (BBM) sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and the sugar transporters sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the oral administration of spermidine in postnatal rats upregulates the expression of ODC, thereby enhancing the expression of SI and SGLT1 in the brush-border membrane as well as basolateral membrane-facilitative GLUT2 and Na+-K+-ATPase. Northern and Western blot analyses were performed with antibodies and cDNA probes specific for SI, SGLT1, GLUT2, α1- and β1-subunits of Na+-K+-ATPase, and ODC. Postnatal rats fed 6 μmol spermidine daily for 3 days from days 7 to 9 were killed either on postnatal day 10 (Sp10) or day 13 following a 3-day washout period (Sp13). Sp10 rats showed a precocious increase in the abundance of mRNAs for SI, SGLT1, and GLUT2 and Na+-K+-ATPase activity and α1- and β1-isoform gene expression compared with controls. ODC activity and protein and mRNA abundance were also increased in Sp10 animals. The increased expression of these genes was not sustained in Sp13 rats, suggesting that these effects were transient. Thus, 3 days of oral polyamine administration induces the precocious maturation of glucose transporters in the postnatal rat small intestine, which may be mediated by alterations in ODC expression. 1 1 Supplemental material for this article is available online at the American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology website.

scholarly journals The effect of epidermal growth factor on brush border surface area and function in the distal remnant following resection in the rabbit

Gut ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hardin ◽  
B Chung ◽  
E V O’Loughlin ◽  
D G Gall
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Epidermal Growth

BackgroundEpidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to increase intestinal absorptive surface area and transport function in normal animals.AimsTo examine the effect of EGF on absorptive surface area and brush border membrane function in a model of massive small bowel resection.MethodsNew Zealand white rabbits were randomised into two groups: a resected group (60% proximal small bowel resection); and an unmanipulated control group. Distal remnant tissue was examined 10 and 21 days postsurgery. In separate experiments oral EGF (40 μg/kg/day) was administered to resected animals from days 3 to 8 and animals were studied on day 10.ResultsTen days postsurgery brush border surface area and total absorptive surface area were significantly increased in remnant tissue while brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) glucose uptake was significantly decreased compared with controls. By 21 days brush border surface area returned to control levels though BBMV glucose uptake remained depressed. EGF treatment induced a further increase in brush border surface area in remnant intestine but did not alter BBMV glucose uptake.ConclusionsSurgical resection results in significant elevations in absorptive surface area coupled with a decrease in brush border membrane transport function distal to the site of anastomosis. EGF enhances glucose uptake in remnant intestine via recruitment of additional microvillus membrane into the brush border.

Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris M. Mogensen ◽  
Malcolm K. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Enterocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Pelvic Abscess ◽  
Nutrition Support ◽  
Tube Placement ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Enteral And Parenteral Nutrition

Alternative routes of nutrient administration are available for patients who are unable to eat or digest sufficient food to prevent malnutrition. These routes include enteral (administered through the gastrointestinal tract) and parenteral (administered intravenously). This review details the clinical consequences of malnutrition, nutritional assessment, the benefits of nutrition support therapy,  determining the nutrient prescription, special considerations in nutrition support therapy, aspects of obtaining enteral or parenteral access, monitoring of patients receiving nutrition support therapy, and complications and ethical issues associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition. Figures include algorithms showing the identification of malnutrition, the nutrition support decision process, and the approach to gastric residual monitoring; nasogastric tube displacement leading to pneumothorax; proper placement of a long or “midline” catheter versus a peripherally inserted central catheter; and photographs of a 43-year-old man with Crohn disease complicated by enterocutaneous fistula formation, distal small bowel obstruction, and evisceration of the small bowel after developing a pelvic abscess. Tables list acute illness- or injury-related malnutrition; chronic disease−related malnutrition; social or environmental circumstances−related malnutrition; indications and contraindications to enteral and parenteral nutrition; selected examples of predictive equations; electrolyte provision in parenteral nutrition; parenteral vitamin and trace element requirements; complications associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition; and indications, contraindications, and complications of gastrostomy tube placement. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 11 tables, and 167 references.

Increase of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in the small bowel brush-border membrane after massive intestinal distal resection in rats

Apmis ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 814-819
Author(s):  
VALÉRIA CRISTINA SOARES FURTADO ◽  
VALERIA BENDER BRAULIO ◽  
SÉRGIO ZUCOLOTO ◽  
ANTONIO CARLOS IGLESIAS
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Methyltransferase Activity

scholarly journals Small Bowel Review - Part I

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABR Thomson ◽  
G Wild
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Membrane Hydrolysis ◽  
Intracellular Metabolism ◽  
Made In

Significant advances have been made in the study of the small bowel. Part I of this two-part review of the small bowel examines carbohydrates, including brush border membrane hydrolysis and sugar transport; amino acids, dipeptides, proteins and food allergy, with a focus on glutamine, peptides and macromolecules, and nucleosides, nucleotides and polyamines; salt and water absorption, and diarrhea, including antidiarrheal therapy and oral rehydration treatment; lipids (digestion and absorption, fatty acid binding proteins, intracellular metabolism, lipoproteins and bile acids); and metals (eg, iron) and vitamins.

Sodium-dependent D-glucose transport after proximal small intestinal resection in rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (3) ◽  
pp. G292-G297 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Freeman ◽  
S. T. Ellis ◽  
G. A. Johnston ◽  
W. C. Kwan ◽  
G. A. Quamme
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Brush Border ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Bowel Resection ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Small Bowel Resection ◽  
Proximal Small Bowel ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
Small Intestinal

Massive small intestinal resection results in both structural and functional changes in the residual small bowel. Sodium-dependent D-glucose transport was examined in brush-border membrane vesicles derived from the terminal 20-30 cm of ileal mucosa of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 2 and 6 wk after 66% proximal jejunoileal resection or jejunoileal transection. Kinetic characteristics for sodium-dependent D-glucose transport were investigated with rapid filtration under conditions of a zero-trans, 100 mM cis-NaSCN gradient. Mucosal weight, protein, and DNA content were increased in the residual terminal intestinal segment compared with transected controls, whereas morphometric studies revealed increased villus and crypt heights as well as an increased mitotic index. Mean kinetic transport parameters at 6 wk after proximal small bowel resection revealed two saturable systems in the distal residual ileum: first, a low-affinity, high-capacity system with a Km of 0.19 +/- 0.03 mM and a Vmax of 0.48 +/- 0.04 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1; and second, a high-affinity, low-capacity system with a Km of 0.009 +/- 0.001 mM and a Vmax of 0.105 +/- 0.016 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1. In contrast, negligible sodium-dependent D-glucose transport was detected in the most distal ileum in control animals or animals 2 wk after resection or 2 and 6 wk after transection. Thus adaptational changes including mucosal hyperplasia and the appearance of two sodium-dependent D-glucose brush-border membrane vesicle transport systems occur in the residual distal intestine after massive proximal small bowel resection.

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