scholarly journals Perilampus, a Secondary Parasite on Sarcophagids and Tachinids Parasitic on Katydids and Long-Horned Grasshoppers

1936 ◽  
Vol 43 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Parasite

scholarly journals Parasites reduce food web robustness because they are sensitive to secondary extinction as illustrated by an invasive estuarine snail

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1524) ◽  
pp. 1659-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Lafferty ◽  
Armand M. Kuris
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Native Community ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Secondary Parasite ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
Secondary Extinction

A robust food web is one in which few secondary extinctions occur after removing species. We investigated how parasites affected the robustness of the Carpinteria Salt Marsh food web by conducting random species removals and a hypothetical, but plausible, species invasion. Parasites were much more likely than free-living species to suffer secondary extinctions following the removal of a free-living species from the food web. For this reason, the food web was less robust with the inclusion of parasites. Removal of the horn snail, Cerithidea californica , resulted in a disproportionate number of secondary parasite extinctions. The exotic Japanese mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria , is the ecological analogue of the native California horn snail and can completely replace it following invasion. Owing to the similarities between the two snail species, the invasion had no effect on predator–prey interactions. However, because the native snail is host for 17 host-specific parasites, and the invader is host to only one, comparison of a food web that includes parasites showed significant effects of invasion on the native community. The hypothetical invasion also significantly reduced the connectance of the web because the loss of 17 native trematode species eliminated many links.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PARASITES OF AN ALFALFA-INFESTING APHID, THERIOAPHIS SP., IN MANITOBA

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 857-858
Author(s):  
H.G. Wylie ◽  
H.E. Bisdee
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
North American ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Gelatin Capsules ◽  
Secondary Species ◽  
Parasite Larva ◽  
Secondary Parasite

In 1984 and 1985 a total of 51 mummies of the genus Therioaphis sp. (Hornoptera: Aphididae) were collected on alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in several localities in southern Manitoba: Glenlea, Oakbank, Rosenort, St. Adolphe, and Ste. Agathe [status of North American species of Therioaphis is uncertain; some workers regard Therioaphis on alfalfa and those on clover as different species, whereas others regard those found on alfalfa as merely strains of the species from clover (A.G. Robinson, personal comrnunication)]. The mummies were held in gelatin capsules at 20°C and a 16L:8D cycle, and 44 parasite adults that emerged were identified. Two primary parasites pecies. Praon exsolelurn (Nees) and Binodoxys sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were recorded (Table 1). Cocoons from which adults of P. exsoleturn emerged were formed between the mummy and the substratum, whereas cocoons of the two Binodoxys specimens were inside the mummies. The three secondary parasite species (Table 1) emerged only from the hosts with external cocoons and presumably had developed on P. exsoleturn. Each of the seven hosts from which no parasites emerged had an external cocoon which contained a decomposed parasite larva, either P. exsoletum or one of the secondary species.

Histopathology of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after Long-Term Exposure to Biologically Treated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent in Experimental Stream Channels

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hall ◽  
Richard K. Haley ◽  
Dennis L. Borton ◽  
Alexander H. Walsh ◽  
Richard E. Wolke
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Secondary Parasite ◽  
Kraft Mill

Outdoor experimental streams were used to determine the effects of effluent on histopathology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Studies were conducted for 10–11 mo using biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mg∙L−1 of effluent BOD5 (1.3–5.1% v/v) and for 42 mo at 0.5 BOD5 addition (1.5% v/v). Twenty different tissues from randomly selected fish were examined at the end of each exposure period. Lesions or tissue changes observed in fish from both control and effluent-treated streams were of primary or secondary parasite-induced etiology, a condition typical of natural streams. There was an absence of neoplasia over the range of concentrations. Hematocrit, leucocrit, and liver somatic index remained normal throughout the course of effluent exposure. These data corroborate the lack of effluent effects as determined from measurements of trout growth, survival, production, and reproduction.

scholarly journals Natural Parasite Infection Affects the Tolerance but Not the Response to a Simulated Secondary Parasite Infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e52077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Lutermann ◽  
Chimoné Bodenstein ◽  
Nigel C. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Secondary Parasite

scholarly journals Inbred Strains Derived from Feral Mice Reveal New Pathogenic Mechanisms of Experimental Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania major

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 4603-4611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besma E. C. Babay ◽  
Hechmi Louzir ◽  
Chahnaz Kebaïer ◽  
Samir Boubaker ◽  
Koussay Dellagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
Secondary Parasite

ABSTRACT Two inbred mouse strains, derived from feral founders, are susceptible to experimental leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and support a disease of a severity intermediate between those observed in strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Mice of the MAI strain develop a severe, nonhealing, but nonfatal disease with no resistance to a secondary parasite challenge. The immunological responses showed a TH2 dominance characterized by an early peak of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13. However, neutralization of IL-4, which leads to a resistance phenotype in BALB/c mice, has no effect on disease progression in MAI mice. Mice of strain PWK develop a protracted but self-healing disease, characterized by a mixed TH1-plus-TH2 pattern of immune responses in which IL-10 plays an aggravating role, and acquire resistance to a secondary challenge. These features are close to those observed in human cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major and make PWK mice a suitable model for the human disease.

Prospaltella as a Secondary Parasite of Mealybugs

1951 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Parasite

scholarly journals BALB/c Mice Vaccinated withLeishmania majorRibosomal Proteins Extracts Combined with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Become Resistant to Disease Caused by a Secondary Parasite Challenge

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ramírez ◽  
Salvador Iborra ◽  
Jimena Cortés ◽  
Pedro Bonay ◽  
Carlos Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Site ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotides ◽  
Secondary Parasite ◽  
Draining Lymph Node

Leishmaniasis is an increasing public health problem and effective vaccines are not currently available. We have previously demonstrated that vaccination with ribosomal proteins extracts administered in combination of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protects susceptible BALB/c mice against primaryLeishmania majorinfection. Here, we evaluate the long-term immunity to secondary infection conferred by this vaccine. We show that vaccinated and infected BALB/c mice were able to control a secondaryLeishmania majorchallenge, since no inflammation and very low number of parasites were observed in the site of reinfection. In addition, although an increment in the parasite burden was observed in the draining lymph nodes of the primary site of infection we did not detected inflammatory lesions at that site. Resistance against reinfection correlated to a predominant Th1 response against parasite antigens. Thus, cell cultures established from spleens and the draining lymph node of the secondary site of infection produced high levels of parasite specific IFN-γin the absence of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokine production. In addition, reinfected mice showed a high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio for anti-Leishmaniaantibodies. Our results suggest that ribosomal vaccine, which prevents pathology in a primary challenge, in combination with parasite persistence might be effective for long-term maintenance of immunity.

Further Hymenopterous Parasites Newly Recorded from the Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 569-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Guppy
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Pseudaletia Unipuncta ◽  
Secondary Parasite ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The author (1959) reported on four species of Hymenoptera that had not been previously recorded as parasites of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.). During further studies at Ottawa four more new records were obtained: Three species were primary parasites, namely, Netelia sayi (Cush.) (Ichneumonidae), Nepiera marginata (Prov.) (Ichneumonidae), and Microplitis alaskensis Ashm. (Braconidae); and one species, Catolaccus cyanoideus Burks (Pteromalidae), was a secondary parasite. N. marginata and M. alaskensis were also reared from larvae collected at Kapuskasing, Ontario.

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