Effects of milk and milk components on calcium, magnesium, and trace element absorption during infancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lonnerdal
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Minerals And Trace Elements

During early life, infants usually consume a diet that is heavily dominated by milk. It is generally believed that breast-fed infants absorb adequate quantities of minerals and trace elements, whereas there is some concern about how well infants can utilize these nutrients from cow's milk formula and other infant diets. Therefore, most infant formulas contain much higher concentrations of minerals and trace elements than those of breast milk. Our knowledge of how infants can utilize these nutrients from different diets is very limited. This paper critically reviews the effects of various components in breast milk, cow's milk, and infant formula and how they either facilitate or inhibit the absorption of minerals and trace elements. Particular emphasis is put on milk proteins such as lactoferrin, casein, and whey proteins, but phytate in soy formula is also discussed. Competition among minerals for absorptive pathways as well as other nutrient-nutrient interactions are considered in the context of infant nutrition. The difficulties involved in assessing mineral and trace element status in infants, as well as the potential consequences of suboptimal and excessive intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are also discussed, particularly in the light of infant requirements.

Soy Formula Doesn't Help Colic

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-300
Author(s):  
LASSE LOTHE ◽  
TOR LINDBERG ◽  
IRÉNE JAKOBSSON
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk Proteins

In Reply.— We fully agree with LeBlanc that there was no significant improvement when infants with colic were given a soy protein-based formula. As pointed out in the "Discussion," as many as 53% of the infants showed an adverse reaction to soy (corresponding figure for cow's milk formula was 71%). We also emphasized that these figures must be interpreted with caution. In fact, soy protein-based formula was a bad choice as placebo. A placebo substance should be a substance of no importance as an allergen in infancy and soy protein has been shown to be as antigenic as cow's milk proteins (Eastham EJ, et al: J Pediatr 1978;93:561).

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN TETANY OF NEWLY BORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-240
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER ◽  
ELSIE A. MACLACHLAN ◽  
WALTER PICK ◽  
MARY L. TERRY ◽  
ALLAN M. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Sixteen cases of neonatal tetany are reported, all of whom were fed cow's milk formulas. Relative to human milk, cow's milk has a low Ca:P ratio and increased total P concentration. These differences are accentuated in some commercial milks prepared for infant feeding. Cow's milk, even if diluted 2:1 with water, is an unphysiologic food for the human infant in the neonatal period, producing elevated serum P and decreased serum Ca and Mg levels. Increasing the Ca:P ratio of cow's milk to that of human milk or dilution 1:2 with water limits the abnormal changes in serum P, Ca and Mg concentrations referred to. A high P diet of an inadequately diluted cow's milk formula causes hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands of the newborn infant. The maximum renal P clearance of the human newborn infant in the first week of life appears to approximate 3500 ml./sq. m./24 hrs. Our observations indicate that when newborn infants are fed cow's milk formulas commonly used in this country limitation in parathyroid and renal function predisposes to tetany. The foregoing data emphasize the physiologic character of human milk for the newborn infant. If breast milk is unavailable, a suitable formula for the neonatal period appears to be cow's milk 1 part, water 2 parts, 10% carbohydrate and Ca-gluconate to produce a Ca:P ration approaching that of breast milk. The added water and Ca should then be gradually reduced.

Cow's Milk Formula and Infantile Colic

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124-1125
Author(s):  
WILLIAM B. CAREYMD
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Infantile Colic ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Excessive Crying

No experienced pediatric clinician doubts the existence of cow's milk allergy in infants. The controversy concerns how often cow's milk proteins cause excessive crying or "colic" in otherwise well young infants. Three interesting papers from our colleagues in Malmö, Sweden, leave the question unanswered despite the considerable sophistication in their research design. In their first report in 1982, they concluded that in a double-blind study "cow's milk seems to be a major cause of infantile colic in formula-fed infants." However, in the only part that was double-blind, fewer infants improved while receiving soy formula (18%) than did those receiving cow's milk formula (29%).

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

Chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Caused by Cow's Milk Proteins Passed through Breast Milk

2014 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Miceli Sopo ◽  
Serena Monaco ◽  
Monica Greco ◽  
Guglielmo Scala
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk Proteins

scholarly journals Developmental assessments during the first 5 years of life in infants fed breast milk, cow's milk formula, or soy formula

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3469-3478
Author(s):  
Jayne Bellando ◽  
Ginger McCorkle ◽  
Beverly Spray ◽  
Clark R. Sims ◽  
Thomas M. Badger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Developmental Assessments
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