scholarly journals Regulation of Blood Pressure and Salt Homeostasis by Endothelin

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Kohan ◽  
Noreen F. Rossi ◽  
Edward W. Inscho ◽  
David M. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Venous Capacitance ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Homeostasis

Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through alterations in a host of circulating and local factors. Hormonal systems affected by ET include natriuretic peptides, aldosterone, catecholamines, and angiotensin. ET also directly regulates cardiac output, central and peripheral nervous system activity, renal Na and water excretion, systemic vascular resistance, and venous capacitance. ET regulation of these systems is often complex, sometimes involving opposing actions depending on which receptor isoform is activated, which cells are affected, and what other prevailing factors exist. A detailed understanding of this system is important; disordered regulation of the ET system is strongly associated with hypertension and dysregulated extracellular fluid volume homeostasis. In addition, ET receptor antagonists are being increasingly used for the treatment of a variety of diseases; while demonstrating benefit, these agents also have adverse effects on fluid retention that may substantially limit their clinical utility. This review provides a detailed analysis of how the ET system is involved in the control of blood pressure and Na homeostasis, focusing primarily on physiological regulation with some discussion of the role of the ET system in hypertension.

scholarly journals A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Belyea ◽  
Araceli E. Santiago ◽  
Wilson A. Vasconez ◽  
Vidya K. Nagalakshmi ◽  
Theodore C. Mehalic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Low Blood Pressure ◽  
And Control ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

ABSTRACTThe hormone renin plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Normally, renin is synthesized by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a specialized group of myoepithelial cells located near the entrance to the kidney glomeruli. In response to low blood pressure and/or a decrease in extracellular fluid volume (as it occurs during dehydration, hypotension, or septic shock) JG cells respond by releasing renin to the circulation to reestablish homeostasis. Interestingly, renin-expressing cells also exist outside of the kidney, where their function has remained a mystery. We discovered a unique type of renin-expressing B-1 lymphocytes that may have unrecognized roles in defending the organism against infections. These cells synthesize and release renin, entrap and phagocyte bacteria and control bacterial growth. The ability of renin-bearing lymphocytes to control infections – which is enhanced by the presence of renin – adds a novel, previously unsuspected dimension to the defense role of renin-expressing cells, linking the endocrine control of circulatory homeostasis with the immune control of infections to ensure survival.

scholarly journals A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Belyea ◽  
Araceli E. Santiago ◽  
Wilson A. Vasconez ◽  
Vidya K. Nagalakshmi ◽  
Fang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Low Blood Pressure ◽  
And Control ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

AbstractThe hormone renin plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Normally, renin is synthesized by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a specialized group of myoepithelial cells located near the entrance to the kidney glomeruli. In response to low blood pressure and/or a decrease in extracellular fluid volume (as it occurs during dehydration, hypotension, or septic shock) JG cells respond by releasing renin to the circulation to reestablish homeostasis. Interestingly, renin-expressing cells also exist outside of the kidney, where their function has remained a mystery. We discovered a unique type of renin-expressing B-1 lymphocyte that may have unrecognized roles in defending the organism against infections. These cells synthesize renin, entrap and phagocyte bacteria and control bacterial growth. The ability of renin-bearing lymphocytes to control infections—which is enhanced by the presence of renin—adds a novel, previously unsuspected dimension to the defense role of renin-expressing cells, linking the endocrine control of circulatory homeostasis with the immune control of infections to ensure survival.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide synthase-mediated blood pressure regulation in obese melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient pregnant rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (5) ◽  
pp. R851-R857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank T. Spradley ◽  
Jennifer M. Sasser ◽  
Jacqueline B. Musall ◽  
Jennifer C. Sullivan ◽  
Joey P. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Melanocortin 4 Receptor ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

Although obesity increases the risk for hypertension in pregnancy, the mechanisms responsible are unknown. Increased nitric oxide (NO) production results in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure during normal pregnancy in lean rats; however, the role of NO is less clear during obese pregnancies. We examined the impact of obesity on NO synthase (NOS)-mediated regulation of blood pressure during pregnancy by testing the hypothesis that NOS activity, expression, and regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure are reduced in obese pregnant rats. At gestational day 19, melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)-deficient obese rats (MC4R) had greater body weight and fat mass with elevated blood pressure and circulating sFlt-1 levels compared with MC4R pregnant rats. MC4R pregnant rats also had less circulating cGMP levels and reduced total NOS enzymatic activity and expression in mesenteric arteries. Despite decreased biochemical measures of NO/NOS in MC4R rats, NOS inhibition enhanced vasoconstriction only in mesenteric arteries from MC4R rats, suggesting greater NOS-mediated tone. To examine the role of NOS on blood pressure regulation in obese pregnant rats, MC4R and MC4R pregnant rats were administered the nonselective NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 100 mg/l) from gestational day 14 to 19 in drinking water. The degree by which l-NAME raised blood pressure was similar between obese and lean pregnant rats. Although MC4R obese pregnant rats had elevated blood pressure associated with reduced total NOS activity and expression, they had enhanced NOS-mediated attenuation of vasoconstriction, with no evidence of alterations in NOS-mediated regulation of blood pressure.

Renal and pressor effects of aminoguanidine in cirrhotic rats with ascites.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2694-2699
Author(s):  
M C Ortíz ◽  
L A Fortepiani ◽  
C Martínez ◽  
N M Atucha ◽  
J García-Estañ
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypotension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
No Production ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Excretory Function

Recent work indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the systemic and renal alterations of liver cirrhosis. This study used aminoguanidine (AG), a preferential inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), to evaluate the role of this NOS isoform in the systemic and renal alterations of an experimental model of liver cirrhosis with ascites (carbon tetrachloride/ phenobarbital). Experiments have been performed in anesthetized cirrhotic rats and their respective control rats prepared for clearance studies. Administration of AG (10 to 100 mg/kg, iv) elevated dose-dependent mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mm Hg) in the cirrhotic rats from a basal level of 79.3 +/- 3.6 to 115.0 +/- 4.7, whereas in the control animals, MAP increased only with the highest dose of the inhibitor (from 121.8 +/- 3.6 to 133.3 +/- 1.4). In the cirrhotic group, AG also significantly increased sodium and water excretion, whereas these effects were very modest in the control group. Plasma concentration of nitrates+nitrites, measured as an index of NO production, were significantly increased in the cirrhotic animals in the basal period and decreased with AG to levels not significantly different from the control animals. Similar experiments performed with the nonspecific NOS inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine (NNA) also demonstrated an increased pressor sensitivity of the cirrhotic rats, but the arterial hypotension was completely corrected. These results, in an experimental model of liver cirrhosis with ascites, show that AG exerts a beneficial effect as a result of inhibition of NO production, increasing blood pressure and improving the reduced excretory function. Because NNA, but not AG, completely normalized the arterial hypotension, it is suggested that the constitutive NOS isoform is also contributing in an important degree. It is concluded that the activation of both inducible and constitutive NOS isoforms plays an important role in the lower systemic blood pressure and associated abnormalities that characterize liver cirrhosis.

Extrarenal Role of Aldosterone in the Regulation of Blood Pressure

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (3 Pt 1) ◽  
pp. 276-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yamakado ◽  
M. Nagano ◽  
M. Umezu ◽  
H. Tagawa ◽  
H. Kiyose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure
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