Histamine in the Nervous System

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 1183-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut L. Haas ◽  
Olga A. Sergeeva ◽  
Oliver Selbach
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Histaminergic Neurons ◽  
Feeding Rhythms ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Tuberomamillary Nucleus ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Histamine is a transmitter in the nervous system and a signaling molecule in the gut, the skin, and the immune system. Histaminergic neurons in mammalian brain are located exclusively in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and send their axons all over the central nervous system. Active solely during waking, they maintain wakefulness and attention. Three of the four known histamine receptors and binding to glutamate NMDA receptors serve multiple functions in the brain, particularly control of excitability and plasticity. H1 and H2 receptor-mediated actions are mostly excitatory; H3 receptors act as inhibitory auto- and heteroreceptors. Mutual interactions with other transmitter systems form a network that links basic homeostatic and higher brain functions, including sleep-wake regulation, circadian and feeding rhythms, immunity, learning, and memory in health and disease.

The gut-brain axis: microglia in the spotlight

Neuroforum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mezö ◽  
Omar Mossad ◽  
Daniel Erny ◽  
Thomas Blank
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Summary Microbiome research has grown significantly in the last decade, highlighting manifold implications of the microbiota to the host’s health. The gut microbiota is connected to the brain through several avenues that allow their interaction. Thus, recent studies have attemtpted to characterize these connections and enhance our understanding of the so called ‘gut-brain-axis’. Microglia, the central nervous system resident macrophages, are crucial for the proper development and maintenance of brain functions. As immune cells, they are in the spotlight for relaying signals between the microbiota and cells of the brain. In this review, we contemplate on interactions between the gut microbiota and microglia, and their influence on brain functions in health and disease.

scholarly journals Age-specific changes in cognitive function

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Alena Sidenkova ◽  
Anara Sorokina ◽  
Vasilisa Litvinenko ◽  
Artem Novoselov ◽  
Oleg Serdyuk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Dynamic Heterogeneity ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Pathological Aging ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Higher Brain Functions

Currently, the number of cases of pathological aging of the central nervous system, represented by a violation of cognitive functions, is increasing. But there is a social request to prolong the physical and mental activity of older people. The study of the dynamics of cognitive aging is timely and relevant. The article contains a report on a cohore non-repeating study of higher brain functions at various age periods. 148 people involved. Their age is 27 -74 years. They are right handed. We applied the screening neuropsychological method. Statistical data processing was performed using SPSS Statistics 17.0 (Mann-Whitney U-test). The dynamic heterogeneity of the cognitive profile during aging was revealed. The deterioration in the performance of the graphomotor test was the most age-specific. In older study participants, a decrease in the visual gnosis test correlated with a decrease in non-verbal intelligence. The decrease in executive functions correlated with the growth of neurodynamic disorders in elderly study participants. The results obtained are useful for differentiating normative and pathological aging of the central nervous system.

New dimensions of connectomics and network plasticity in the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Guidolin ◽  
Manuela Marcoli ◽  
Guido Maura ◽  
Luigi F. Agnati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain Connectome ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCellular network architecture plays a crucial role as the structural substrate for the brain functions. Therefore, it represents the main rationale for the emerging field of connectomics, defined as the comprehensive study of all aspects of central nervous system connectivity. Accordingly, in the present paper the main emphasis will be on the communication processes in the brain, namely wiring transmission (WT), i.e. the mapping of the communication channels made by cell components such as axons and synapses, and volume transmission (VT), i.e. the chemical signal diffusion along the interstitial brain fluid pathways. Considering both processes can further expand the connectomics concept, since both WT-connectomics and VT-connectomics contribute to the structure of the brain connectome. A consensus exists that such a structure follows a hierarchical or nested architecture, and macro-, meso- and microscales have been defined. In this respect, however, several lines of evidence indicate that a nanoscale (nano-connectomics) should also be considered to capture direct protein-protein allosteric interactions such as those occurring, for example, in receptor-receptor interactions at the plasma membrane level. In addition, emerging evidence points to novel mechanisms likely playing a significant role in the modulation of intercellular connectivity, increasing the plasticity of the system and adding complexity to its structure. In particular, the roamer type of VT (i.e. the intercellular transfer of RNA, proteins and receptors by extracellular vesicles) will be discussed since it allowed us to introduce a new concept of ‘transient changes of cell phenotype’, that is the transient acquisition of new signal release capabilities and/or new recognition/decoding apparatuses.

Fast Analytical Sensing Technology: Microelectrode-Based Recordings of Tonic and Phasic Neurotransmitter Signalling in the Mammalian Brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 500-510
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Humeiden ◽  
Jorge E. Quintero ◽  
John T. Slevin ◽  
Greg A. Gerhardt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Ideal Candidate ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Communication in the nervous system is predominately chemical. However, understanding of neurotransmitter signalling in normal and diseased states remains lacking. Electrochemically based biosensors can detect chemical messengers on a near-real timescale, allowing exploration of neurotransmitter systems to bring into focus the functioning elements of this critical means of communication. Glutamate, the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, is an ideal candidate for measurement with biosensors. With biosensors, it has been found that spontaneous glutamate signals in the dentate gyrus are enhanced in kindled animals. Meanwhile, in a model of epilepsy, the utility of detecting and the dynamism of glutamate signalling become apparent as tonic glutamate levels and rapid, spontaneous phasic glutamate signals show a correlation with seizure activity in the CA1 region of rodents. The ability of these biosensors to detect neurotransmitters in the brain is promising for clinical applications to monitor and, eventually, treat epilepsy.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

RAS in the Central Nervous System: Potential Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (28) ◽  
pp. 3333-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Pessoa Rocha ◽  
Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva ◽  
Thiago Ruiz Rodrigues Prestes ◽  
Victor Feracin ◽  
Caroline Amaral Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, but also plays important roles in mediating physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of the RAS were classically described as mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II via angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptors. However, another arm of the RAS formed by the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), Ang-(1-7) and the Mas receptor has been a matter of investigation due to its important physiological roles, usually counterbalancing the classical effects exerted by Ang II. Objective: We aim to provide an overview of effects elicited by the RAS, especially Ang-(1-7), in the brain. We also aim to discuss the therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders for the modulation of RAS. Method: We carried out an extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results: Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of blood pressure by acting at regions that control cardiovascular functions. In contrast with Ang II, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and plays an inhibitory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to blood pressure regulation, but also acts as a neuroprotective component of the RAS, for instance, by reducing cerebral infarct size, inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Conclusion: Pre-clinical evidence supports a relevant role for ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in several neuropsychiatric conditions, including stress-related and mood disorders, cerebrovascular ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few data are available regarding the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in human CNS.

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