scholarly journals Brain Lateralization: A Comparative Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Güntürkün ◽  
Felix Ströckens ◽  
Sebastian Ocklenburg
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

Comparative studies on brain asymmetry date back to the 19th century but then largely disappeared due to the assumption that lateralization is uniquely human. Since the reemergence of this field in the 1970s, we learned that left-right differences of brain and behavior exist throughout the animal kingdom and pay off in terms of sensory, cognitive, and motor efficiency. Ontogenetically, lateralization starts in many species with asymmetrical expression patterns of genes within the Nodal cascade that set up the scene for later complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. These take effect during different time points of ontogeny and create asymmetries of neural networks in diverse species. As a result, depending on task demands, left- or right-hemispheric loops of feedforward or feedback projections are then activated and can temporarily dominate a neural process. In addition, asymmetries of commissural transfer can shape lateralized processes in each hemisphere. It is still unclear if interhemispheric interactions depend on an inhibition/excitation dichotomy or instead adjust the contralateral temporal neural structure to delay the other hemisphere or synchronize with it during joint action. As outlined in our review, novel animal models and approaches could be established in the last decades, and they already produced a substantial increase of knowledge. Since there is practically no realm of human perception, cognition, emotion, or action that is not affected by our lateralized neural organization, insights from these comparative studies are crucial to understand the functions and pathologies of our asymmetric brain.

scholarly journals Selection for Reinforcement-Free Learning Ability as an Organizing Factor in the Evolution of Cognition

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solvi Arnold ◽  
Reiji Suzuki ◽  
Takaya Arita
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Baldwin Effect ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Environmental Structure ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Efficient Learning ◽  
Complexity Thesis

This research explores the relation between environmental structure and neurocognitive structure. We hypothesize that selection pressure on abilities for efficient learning (especially in settings with limited or no reward information) translates into selection pressure on correspondence relations between neurocognitive and environmental structure, since such correspondence allows for simple changes in the environment to be handled with simple learning updates in neurocognitive structure. We present a model in which a simple form of reinforcement-free learning is evolved in neural networks using neuromodulation and analyze the effect this selection for learning ability has on the virtual species' neural organization. We find a higher degree of organization than in a control population evolved without learning ability and discuss the relation between the observed neural structure and the environmental structure. We discuss our findings in the context of the environmental complexity thesis, the Baldwin effect, and other interactions between adaptation processes.

scholarly journals Activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in coordination of the Russian Balkan policy (first half of the 19th century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Elena P. Kudryavtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study is devoted to the activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs that served as a curator of the Russia-Balkans relations in the first half of the 19th century. The Asian Department (set up in 1819) was in charge of the diplomatic, economic, cultural and church relations of Russia with the countries of the «East», and, above all, with the Ottoman Empire. Relations with the Orthodox Balkan nations - Serbs, Bulgarians and Montenegrins – remained traditionally close. This department supervised the policies related to the Balkan region, developed instructions for Russian envoys in Constantinople and Athens, stored consular reports from all over the Balkan region, and, as a result, elaborated approach of the Russian government in relations with Turkey.

Establishment and Operation of Private Land Credit Institutions in Penza Province in the Late 1860s – mid 1880s

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Private Credit ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Credit Institutions

Introduction. The abolition of public credit institutions in the first half of the 19th century meant that following after the peasant reform, private landowners were forced to rely entirely on their ability to conduct economic activities, they desperately needed the money demanded for the capitalist modernization of their estates. It was important under such circumstances the appearance in the mid-1860s of private land banks that have granted land collateral loans. Materials and Methods. The study of the claimed problem required the involvement of a number of historical and economic methods: historical, statistical and quantitative. At the same time, the question of the amount of debt owed to private land banks was examined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical data on land credit published by a committee of congresses of representatives of Russian land credit institutions. Results. The article analyzes the main indicators of the activity of the joint-stock land banks in the first two decades of their operation, considers the characteristics of the establishment and development of the private land credit system, the volume of loans issued, the size of the mortgaged land, the amount of the loans are shown by their regional characteristics. Discussion and Conclusions. Set up in mid-nineteenth century the system of equity land credit, which focuses on the granting of land mortgages by private landowners, has played an important role in the processes of land ownership mobilization and the development of capitalism in the agricultural sector. Private credit institutions were one of the most important components of the land credit system, and the activities of these institutions in the territory of the governorate in question resulted in: that almost a quarter of all privately owned land had been deposited in them.

scholarly journals The risks of motherhood

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
Rosalind Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Multidisciplinary Group ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Marcé Society, a multidisciplinary group set up in 1980 to advance the understanding, prevention and treatment of post-partum mental illness, met in York for its biennial meeting last September to celebrate its tenth birthday. In the middle of the 19th century, Louis Marcé first drew attention to the special nature of psychiatric illness in the puerperium. Since then, as opening speaker, Dr Channi Kumar pointed out, although maternal morbidity has dropped dramatically, in particular over the last 40 years with improvements in obstetric care together with social, cultural and educational changes, psychiatric morbidity in the puerperium remains as prevalent as it was 100 years ago.

scholarly journals EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. vii-xii ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Spolsky
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the beginning, public tests and examinations were instruments of policy. The Imperial Chinese examination was created to permit the emperor to replace the patronage system by which powerful lords were choosing their own candidates to be mandarins. The Jesuit schools in 17th-century France introduced a weekly testing system to allow central control of classroom teaching. In 19th-century England, Thomas Macaulay argued for employing the Chinese principle in selecting cadets for the Indian Civil Service; a similar system was later used for the British Civil Service. A primary school examination system was set up in England at the end of the 19th century to serve the same purpose of achieving quality control and accountability in public schools as was proposed for the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) that is being bitterly disputed in 21st-century United States. Chauncey's primary goal after World War II in developing the Scholastic Achievement Test for admission to elite U.S. universities was to replace the children of the wealthy establishment with highly qualified students who would see their role as contributing to public service.

Police History

Criminology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Neyroud ◽  
Antonio Vera
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Principal Influence ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Public Disorder ◽  
Prevention Of Crime ◽  
Indian Police Service ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

“Police history” predates the evolution of the “police” as a permanent occupational group within a bureaucratic institution, providing the primary state response to crime and disorder. That was primarily a development of the 19th century and a reaction to the rapid social change of the industrial revolution and rapid urbanization. Prior to 1800, governments maintained order by a variety of means, local and national. One of the key historical debates concerns the effectiveness of these approaches and the degree of continuity between the premodern and modern police models. Around 1800 a small number of distinctively different types of police institution emerged. The French, under Napoleon, instituted the Gendarmerie, a state military police model. It evolved from the “Marechaussee,” which had had a dual military and civil function since the 16th century. The model was exported across Europe by Napoleon. The British developed two models. The first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged and converged in various ways. There has been significant convergence in the basic disciplines of policing. However, the governance of the police, the use of force, and the management of public disorder have, in many cases, remained quite distinct in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This bibliography has been organized by national histories. This is, in some ways, the easiest way to organize the material, but it also presents some difficulties in showing some of the crosscutting issues and challenges.

Europe in the making of Japanese values

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Morris-Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

With the Meiji Restoration the first steps were taken in the third quarter of the 19th century to set up a national system of education in Japan. European educational theories were influential. Samuel Smiles became a reference for moral principles and Western heroes from Socrates to Florence Nightingale were exemplars. The articles explores the complex relationship of Western ideas with indigenous Japanese culture.

Heterogeneous Interactions of Leukemic and Control Bone Marrow Stroma Cells with an AML Cell Line and AML Leukemic Blasts.

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 1047-1047
Author(s):  
Ulrike Buttkereit ◽  
Sana Mohamad ◽  
Monika Lindemann ◽  
Joachim R. Goethert ◽  
Bertram Opalka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Abstract 1047 Tumor-stroma interaction plays a pivotal role for malignant cell survival, proliferation, immune escape, and drug resistance. We had previously shown that bone marrow (BM) stroma from leukemia patients had different gene expression patterns and support of normal CD34+ cells compared to controls (Ctr). Aim of this study was to evaluate growth, survival, and colony-forming potential issues of M-07e AML cells and AML blasts as indicator cells (IC) upon contact with non-leukemic and leukemic stroma. Plastic-adherent BM cells from leukemic or Ctr non-leukemic donors were cultured for several weeks. Polyclonal as well as isolated single fibroblast colony (F-CFU) cultures were set up. Short-term and long-term co-cultures of BM stroma used M-07e AML cells and AML blasts as IC. After long-term co-culture colony forming units (CFU) were determined in the adherent and non-adherent fraction of the IC. Proliferation of IC was determined by cell counting and 3H-TdR incorporation assays. The human HS-5 stroma cell line was used in selected experiments. The F-CFU frequency was determined from 39 Ctr samples, 6 MDS samples, 59 leukemic samples, and 12 lymphoma samples with BM infiltration. Succession of F-CFU numbers in respective samples was AML / MDS < Ctr < MM / FL II << 2°AML. Polyclonal stroma cells from AML BM supported M-07e IC survival slightly but not significantly better than Ctr stroma. No noteworthy support for primary AML blasts was observed with either stroma. Stroma from both AML and Ctr donors stimulated colony formation of M-07e IC without marked differences in the frequency of compact and diffuse colonies. In 3H-TdR assays M-07e IC were stimulated by IL-3 and certain but not all stroma samples tested. Notably, IL-3-induced proliferation of M-07e IC was decreased in the presence of stroma and almost completely suppressed by HS-5 cells. When single F-CFU were isolated, expanded, and tested for their capacity to support M-07e IC stimulating as well as non-stimulating F-CFU were found. Support competence of stroma cells decreased with passage number. Primary BM polyclonal stroma cells and single F-CFU from leukemic and non-leukemic donors showed a broad heterogeneity with respect to support of cell growth or colony-forming potential in favour of the AML M-07e IC line. Thus, the interaction of stroma and normal or leukemic hematopoietic cells seems to be a complex system awaiting further investigations. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES IN LIEPAJA’S CENTER DUE TO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
City Center ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridge ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

In Liepaja, until 1703 economic developed on the Trade Port channel’s southern embankment. The main traffic flow changed his direction: from the port to the New Market leads Great (Latvian: Lielā) Street, at which end a wooden bridge was built over the channel. In the 19th century, the Administrative Center formed at the New Market Square’s vicinity. Streets connected squares and green structures in a united system. The Rose Square was set up instead the New Market. During World War II, the building at embankments and Great Street was destroyed. Using the Master Plan, approved in 1950, architect Vladimir Kruglov created the Detailed Plan for developed of Liepaja Center and Great Street. A reinforced-concrete bridge was built across the channel. Until the 100th Anniversary of the Proclamation of Independence of Latvia, the bridge was expanded, but Great Street was reconstructed. The object of the research – the city center of Liepaja and Great Street. Research problem – architectural changes of the city center of Liepaja and Great Street has studied not sufficiently. Research novelty – architectural analysis of the city center of Liepaja and Great Street. The goal of the research – to determine the typical changes in planning of the city center and Great Street in the context of Liepaja urban development. Main methods applied – analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.

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