scholarly journals Mechanisms for the Resolution of Organ Fibrosis

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C. Horowitz ◽  
Victor J. Thannickal
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Organ Fibrosis

Fibrosis is a dynamic process with the potential for reversibility and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture and organ function. Herein, we review mechanisms for resolution of organ fibrosis, in particular that involving the lung, with an emphasis on the critical roles of myofibroblast apoptosis and clearance of deposited matrix.

scholarly journals Toward Normalization of the Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153473541986235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Peng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Complex Ecosystem

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem, including blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, cytokines, hormones, and so on. The TME differs from the normal tissue environment (NTE) in many aspects, such as tissue architecture, chronic inflammation, level of oxygen and pH, nutritional state of the cells, as well as tissue firmness. The NTE can inhibit the growth of cancer at the early tumorigenesis phase, whereas the TME promotes the growth of cancer in general, although it may have some anticancer effects. In particular, the TME plays a crucial role in the generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells, which lie at the root of cancer growth. Therefore, normalization of the TME to the NTE may inhibit cancer growth or improve cancer therapeutic efficiency. This review focuses on the recent emerging approaches for this normalization and the action mechanisms.

scholarly journals Specialized Proresolving Mediators in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Airway Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1335-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandini Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Raja-Elie E. Abdulnour ◽  
Katherine H. Walker ◽  
Braden D. Engstrom ◽  
Bruce D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Airway Diseases ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Airborne pathogens and environmental stimuli evoke immune responses in the lung. It is critical to health that these responses be controlled to prevent tissue damage and the compromise of organ function. Resolution of inflammation is a dynamic process that is coordinated by biochemical and cellular mechanisms. Recently, specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) have been identified in resolution exudates. These molecules orchestrate anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions that are cell type specific. In this review, we highlight SPM biosynthesis, the influence of SPMs on the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung, as well as recent insights from SPMs on inflammatory disease pathophysiology. Uncovering these mediators and cellular mechanisms for resolution is providing new windows into physiology and disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Eksperimentalne i klinicke mogucnosti transplantacije konkvasirane ili totalno devaskularizovane slezine

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
M. Jovanovic ◽  
Miroslav Stojanovic ◽  
Goran Stanojevic ◽  
Miroslav Stojiljkovic ◽  
Jovica Jovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Tissue Volume ◽  
Car Accident

The most severe spleen lesions with conquasation and devascularisation of entire organ, when it is practically impossible to do any preservating surgical procedure, are the true indications for the transplantation of this extremely important immunological organ. We have performed the evaluation of the surgical procedure of heterotopic auto transplantation in the 30 dogs with severe spleen lesions. Simulation of totally devascularized spleen with the lesions of V degree was performed by disrupting all segmental blood vessels with deep and long longitudinal transhilar incision. During the 3 months follow-up period, animals were subjected to numerous explorations in order to macroscopically and histologically valuate the implant. In most cases (80-85%) implants had complete vitality with the preservation of normal tissue architecture, while 15-20% of implants had partial or total fibrosis. There were no mortality and no complications after this preservation procedure. The presence of fibrosis in some implants suggests that the implant preparation should be better performed and that transplantation of larger tissue volume is needed. Enriched with this experimental experience we have performed heterotopic auto transplantation in 2 patients with spleen lesion of V degree (car accident and injury at work) with very satisfactory results.

scholarly journals The Roles of Various Prostaglandins in Fibrosis: A Review

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Mingxuan Wang ◽  
Lingzhi Niu ◽  
Yuanping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Adjacent Tissue ◽  
Pathological Result ◽  
Organ Fibrosis ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Organ fibrosis is a common pathological result of various chronic diseases with multiple causes. Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and eventually leads to the destruction of the tissue structure and impaired organ function. Prostaglandins are produced by arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenases and various prostaglandin-specific synthases. Prostaglandins bind to homologous receptors on adjacent tissue cells in an autocrine or paracrine manner and participate in the regulation of a series of physiological or pathological processes, including fibrosis. This review summarizes the properties, synthesis, and degradation of various prostaglandins, as well as the roles of these prostaglandins and their receptors in fibrosis in multiple models to reveal the clinical significance of prostaglandins and their receptors in the treatment of fibrosis.

816 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Agonists Reverse Existing Renal Fibrosis And Restore Normal Tissue Architecture In Salt-Fed SHR

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. e237
Author(s):  
Karen Duggan ◽  
George Hodge ◽  
Juchuan Chen ◽  
Yuet Ching Tai ◽  
Tegan Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Tissue Architecture

scholarly journals Cell division and the maintenance of epithelial order

2014 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Ragkousi ◽  
Matthew C. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Adherent Cells ◽  
Mitotic Spindles ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Dividing Cells

Epithelia are polarized layers of adherent cells that are the building blocks for organ and appendage structures throughout animals. To preserve tissue architecture and barrier function during both homeostasis and rapid growth, individual epithelial cells divide in a highly constrained manner. Building on decades of research focused on single cells, recent work is probing the mechanisms by which the dynamic process of mitosis is reconciled with the global maintenance of epithelial order during development. These studies reveal how symmetrically dividing cells both exploit and conform to tissue organization to orient their mitotic spindles during division and establish new adhesive junctions during cytokinesis.

Integrins in kidney development, function, and disease

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. F233-F242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Kreidberg ◽  
Jordan M. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Kidney Development ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Adult Kidney ◽  
Diseased Kidney

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors that mediate heterophilic cell-cell interactions and interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (Hynes RO. Cell 69: 11–25, 1991). As such, they are involved in morphogenetic processes during development, as well as in the maintenance of normal tissue architecture in fully developed organs. Integrins are now recognized to be a large family of receptors, and several different integrins have been demonstrated as being expressed in the developing and adult kidney (Korhonen M, Ylkanne J, Laitinen L, and Virtanen I. Development 122: 3537–3547, 1996; Rahilly MA and Fleming S. J Pathol 167: 327–334, 1992). This review will summarize present knowledge about integrin expression in the developing, normal, and diseased kidney and attempt to provide a hypothetical framework for understanding integrin function in the urogenital system. Since the last time this area was reviewed (Hamerski DA and Santoro S. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 8: 9–14, 1999), there have been significant publications on the roles of integrins in kidney development and disease. At present, there are many more questions than answers, and integrins present an area where many novel and exciting findings will emerge in the coming years.

Formulation and Evaluation of Novel Sericin Nanoparticles for Buccal Delivery of Antihypertensive Drug

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mangla Nand Singh ◽  
Pushpa Yadav ◽  
Shubhini A. Saraf ◽  
Neha Katiyar ◽  
Ajeet Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Buccal Delivery ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Design Perspective ◽  
Verapamil Hcl ◽  
Fast Release

The aim of this study is to prepare and evaluate sericin nanoparticles (NPs) of Verapamil Hcl which are finally formulated as buccal gel. It was envisaged to formulate the nanoparticles with gelatine, sericin and genipin. Nanoparticles incorporated gel was successfully prepared by using carbopol 934. Nanoparticles were prepared by dessolvation followed by crosslinking. Various parameters like drug content, viscosity, pH, spreadability and drug release were used to obtain the optimized formulation. The sericin nanoparticles incorporated gel shows better fast release as compare to API. The obtained results like drug content, % drug release, buccal permeation study confirmed the potential of nanoparticles as good carrier for buccal administration. The optimised sericin nanoparticles range between 100-400 nm with a zeta potential of 29.91mv showing good stability. Later, we proved our hypothesis through In vitro studies for pharmacokinetics, where we found that NPs had better bioavailability than API. NPs showed protective action and maintained normal tissue architecture. We concluded that nanoparticle form of verapamil had better bioavailability and good pharmacological actions, which might be beneficial for future formulation design perspective.

scholarly journals Mimicking normal tissue architecture and perturbation in cancer with engineered micro-epidermis

Biomaterials ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (21) ◽  
pp. 5221-5229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien E. Gautrot ◽  
Chunming Wang ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Stephen J. Goldie ◽  
Britta Trappmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Tissue Architecture

scholarly journals Hyaluronan and RHAMM in Wound Repair and the “Cancerization” of Stromal Tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Tolg ◽  
James B. McCarthy ◽  
Arjang Yazdani ◽  
Eva A. Turley
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cell Migration And Proliferation

Tumors and wounds share many similarities including loss of tissue architecture, cell polarity and cell differentiation, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (Ballard et al., 2006) increased inflammation, angiogenesis, and elevated cell migration and proliferation. Whereas these changes are transient in repairing wounds, tumors do not regain tissue architecture but rather their continued progression is fueled in part by loss of normal tissue structure. As a result tumors are often described as wounds that do not heal. The ECM component hyaluronan (HA) and its receptor RHAMM have both been implicated in wound repair and tumor progression. This review highlights the similarities and differences in their roles during these processes and proposes that RHAMM-regulated wound repair functions may contribute to “cancerization” of the tumor microenvironment.

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