Bile Acids, Their Receptors, and the Gut Microbiota

Physiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Poland ◽  
C. Robb Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Host Metabolism

Bile acids (BAs) are a family of hydroxylated steroids secreted by the liver that aid in the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. BAs also function as nutrient and inflammatory signaling molecules, acting through cognate receptors, to coordinate host metabolism. Commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract are functional modifiers of the BA pool, affecting composition and abundance. Deconjugation of host BAs creates a molecular network that inextricably links gut microtia with their host. In this review we highlight the roles of BAs in mediating this mutualistic relationship with a focus on those events that impact host physiology and metabolism.

Molecular Physiology of Bile Acid Signaling in Health, Disease and Aging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Perino ◽  
Hadrien Demagny ◽  
Laura Alejandra Velazquez-Villegas ◽  
Kristina Schoonjans
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Molecular Physiology

Over the last two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their site of production, over the intestine, where they are modified by the gut microbiota, to virtually any organ, where they exert their pleiotropic physiological effects. The chemical variety of BAs, to a large extent determined by the gut microbiome, also allows for a complex fine-tuning of adaptive responses in our body. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which BA receptors coordinate several aspects of physiology and highlights new therapeutic strategies for diseases underlying pathological BA signaling.

scholarly journals High-Fat Diets with Differential Fatty Acids Induce Obesity and Perturb Gut Microbiota in Honey Bee

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Zhaopeng Zhong ◽  
Xiangyin Chen ◽  
Ziyun Hong ◽  
Weimin Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Host Metabolism

HFD (high-fat diet) induces obesity and metabolic disorders, which is associated with the alteration in gut microbiota profiles. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the processes are poorly understood. In this study, we used the simple model organism honey bee to explore how different amounts and types of dietary fats affect the host metabolism and the gut microbiota. Excess dietary fat, especially palm oil, elicited higher weight gain, lower survival rates, hyperglycemic, and fat accumulation in honey bees. However, microbiota-free honey bees reared on high-fat diets did not significantly change their phenotypes. Different fatty acid compositions in palm and soybean oil altered the lipid profiles of the honey bee body. Remarkably, dietary fats regulated lipid metabolism and immune-related gene expression at the transcriptional level. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that biological processes, including transcription factors, insulin secretion, and Toll and Imd signaling pathways, were significantly different in the gut of bees on different dietary fats. Moreover, a high-fat diet increased the relative abundance of Gilliamella, while the level of Bartonella was significantly decreased in palm oil groups. This study establishes a novel honey bee model of studying the crosstalk between dietary fat, gut microbiota, and host metabolism.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding the neonatal microbiome

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Dalby ◽  
Lindsay J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Developmental Window

The neonatal developmental window represents a key time for establishment of the gut microbiota. First contact with these microbes within the infant gastrointestinal tract signifies the start of a critical mutualistic relationship, which is central for short- and longer-term health. Recent research has provided insights into the origin of these microbial pioneers, how they are maintained within the gut environment, and how factors such as antibiotics or preterm birth may disrupt the succession of beneficial microbes.  The acquisition, colonisation, and maintenance of the early life microbiota, and subsequent interactions with the host is a rapidly developing research area. In this review we explore some of these key topics which have been illuminated by recent research, and we highlight some of the important unresolved questions which currently limit our overall understanding of the neonatal gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota between Environment and Genetic Background in Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Agostino Di Ciaula ◽  
Alessandro Stella ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
David Q. H. Wang ◽  
Piero Portincasa
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Familial Mediterranean Fever ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Mediterranean Fever ◽  
Host Metabolism

The gastrointestinal tract hosts the natural reservoir of microbiota since birth. The microbiota includes various bacteria that establish a progressively mutual relationship with the host. Of note, the composition of gut microbiota is rather individual-specific and, normally, depends on both the host genotype and environmental factors. The study of the bacterial profile in the gut demonstrates that dominant and minor phyla are present in the gastrointestinal tract with bacterial density gradually increasing in oro-aboral direction. The cross-talk between bacteria and host within the gut strongly contributes to the host metabolism, to structural and protective functions. Dysbiosis can develop following aging, diseases, inflammatory status, and antibiotic therapy. Growing evidences show a possible link between the microbiota and Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), through a shift of the relative abundance in microbial species. To which extent such perturbations of the microbiota are relevant in driving the phenotypic manifestations of FMF with respect to genetic background, remains to be further investigated.

scholarly journals Dietary Exposure to Antibiotic Residues Facilitates Metabolic Disorder by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rou-An Chen ◽  
Wei-Kai Wu ◽  
Suraphan Panyod ◽  
Po-Yu Liu ◽  
Hsiao-Li Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Host Metabolism

Abstract Low dose antibiotic residues in food potentially contribute to obesity and metabolic dysfunction. However, the effect of chronic exposure to very low-dose antibiotic residue (~1000-fold lower than the therapeutic dose) on gut microbiota and host metabolism is poorly understood. Herein the effect of exposure to a residual dose of tylosin—an antibiotic growth promoter—on host metabolism and gut microbiota is explored in a mouse model. Theoretical maximal daily intake (TMDI) dose of tylosin facilitates high-fat diet-induced obesity, induces insulin resistance, and perturbs gut microbiota composition. Moreover, obesity-related phenotypes are transferrable to germ-free recipient mice following fecal microbiota transplantation. Tylosin TMDI exposure restricted to early life is sufficient to induce metabolic complications, alter the abundance of specific bacteria related to host metabolic homeostasis later in life, and modify the composition of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. Finally, tylosin TMDI exposure induces lasting metabolic consequences via elevating the ratio of primary to secondary bile acids and its downstream FGF15 signaling pathway. Hence, exposure to very low doses of antibiotic residues, whether continuously or in early life, can exert long-lasting effects on host metabolism by altering gut microbiota and their metabolites.

scholarly journals Bile Acids as Key Modulators of the Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Agata Mulak
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Recently, the concept of the brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis disturbances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been receiving growing attention. At the same time, accumulating data revealing complex interplay between bile acids (BAs), gut microbiota, and host metabolism have shed new light on a potential impact of BAs on the BGM axis. The crosstalk between BAs and gut microbiota is based on reciprocal interactions since microbiota determines BA metabolism, while BAs affect gut microbiota composition. Secondary BAs as microbe-derived neuroactive molecules may affect each of three main routes through which interactions within the BGM axis occur including neural, immune, and neuroendocrine pathways. BAs participate in the regulation of multiple gut-derived molecule release since their receptors are expressed on various cells. The presence of BAs and their receptors in the brain implies a direct effect of BAs on the regulation of neurological functions. Experimental and clinical data confirm that disturbances in BA signaling are present in the course of AD. Disturbed ratio of primary to secondary BAs as well as alterations in BA concertation in serum and brain samples have been reported. An age-related shift in the gut microbiota composition associated with its decreased diversity and stability observed in AD patients may significantly affect BA metabolism and signaling. Given recent evidence on BA neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, new therapeutic targets have been explored including gut microbiota modulation by probiotics and dietary interventions, ursodeoxycholic acid supplementation, and use of BA receptor agonists.

scholarly journals BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3741-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirosh D Aluthge ◽  
Dana M Van Sambeek ◽  
Erin E Carney-Hinkle ◽  
Yanshuo S Li ◽  
Samodha C Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

scholarly journals Dietary fermented rapeseed or/and soybean meal additives on performance and intestinal health of piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Czech ◽  
Eugeniusz Ryszard Grela ◽  
Martyna Kiesz
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Feed Conversion Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the effect of fermented dried soybean (FSBM) and/or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets for weaned piglets on production results, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tract histology, and the composition of the gut microbiota. Piglets in the control group received standard diets with soybean meal. Animals in all experimental groups received diets in which a portion of the soybean meal was replaced: in group FR—8% FRSM; in group FR/FS—6% FRSM and 2% FSBM; in group FS/FR—2% FRSM and 6% FSBM and in group FS—8% FSBM. The use of 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM in the piglet diets had a positive effect on average daily gains. Piglets from the FR and FR/FS groups had the highest feed conversion rate. Group FS/FR and FS piglets had significantly lower mortality and lower incidence of diarrhoea. Piglets fed a diet with the fermented components, in particular with 8% FRSM or 6% FRSM and 2% FSBM, exhibited a positive effect on the microbiological composition and histology of intestines, which resulted in improved nutrient digestibility coefficients (ATTD and AID).

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