Effects of Motor Training on the Recovery of Manual Dexterity After Primary Motor Cortex Lesion in Macaque Monkeys

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 773-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Murata ◽  
Noriyuki Higo ◽  
Takao Oishi ◽  
Akiko Yamashita ◽  
Keiji Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Small Object ◽  
Macaque Monkeys

To investigate the effects of postlesion training on motor recovery, we compared the motor recovery of macaque monkeys that had received intensive motor training with those that received no training after a lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1). An ibotenic acid lesion in the M1 digit area resulted in impairment of hand function, with complete loss of digit movement. In the monkeys that had undergone intensive daily training (1 h/day, 5 days/wk) after the lesion, behavioral indexes used to evaluate manual dexterity recovered to the same level as in the prelesion period after 1 or 2 mo of postlesion training period. Relatively independent digit movements, including precision grip (prehension of a small object with finger-to-thumb opposition), were restored in the trained monkeys. Although the behavioral indexes of manual dexterity recovered to some extent in the monkeys without the postlesion training, they remained lower than those in the prelesion period until several months after M1 lesion. The untrained monkeys frequently used alternate grip strategies to grasp a small object with the affected hand, holding food pellets between the tip of the index finger and the dorsum of the thumb. These results suggest that the recovery after M1 lesion includes both use-dependent and use-independent processes and that the recovery of precision grip can be promoted by intensive use of the affected hand in postlesion training.

scholarly journals Hebbian-Type Primary Motor Cortex Stimulation: A Potential Treatment of Impaired Hand Function in Chronic Stroke Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Pirog Revill ◽  
Marc W. Haut ◽  
Samir R. Belagaje ◽  
Fadi Nahab ◽  
Daniel Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Functional Reorganization ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
And Task ◽  
Functional Gains

Background. Stroke often involves primary motor cortex (M1) and its corticospinal (CST) projections. As hand function is critically dependent on these structures, its recovery is often incomplete. Objective. To determine whether impaired hand function in patients with chronic ischemic stroke involving M1 or CST benefits from the enhancing effect of Hebbian-type stimulation (pairing M1 afferent stimulation and M1 activity in a specific temporal relationship) on M1 plasticity and hand function. Methods. In a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled design, 20 patients with chronic ischemic stroke affecting M1 or CST were randomly assigned to 5 days of hand motor training that was combined with either Hebbian-type (trainingHebb) or sham stimulation (trainingsham) of the lesioned M1. Measures of hand function and task-based M1 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity were collected prior to, immediately following, and 4 weeks after the intervention. Results. Both interventions were effective in improving affected hand function at the completion of training, but only participants in the trainingHebb group maintained functional gains. Changes in hand function and fMRI activity were positively correlated in both ipsilesional and contralesional M1. Compared with trainingsham, participants in the trainingHebb group showed a stronger relationship between improved hand function and changes in M1 functional activity. Conclusions. Only when motor training was combined with Hebbian-type stimulation were functional gains maintained over time and correlated with measures of M1 functional plasticity. As hand dexterity is critically dependent on M1 function, these results suggest that functional reorganization in M1 is facilitated by Hebbian-type stimulation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01569607.

Role of Voluntary Drive in Encoding an Elementary Motor Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 1099-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Kaelin-Lang ◽  
Lumy Sawaki ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Motor Drive ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Corticomotor Excitability ◽  
Proprioceptive Input ◽  
Active Training ◽  
Passive Movements

Motor training consisting of repetitive thumb movements results in encoding of motor memories in the primary motor cortex. It is not known if proprioceptive input originating in the training movements is sufficient to produce this effect. In this study, we compared the ability of training consisting of voluntary (active) and passively-elicited (passive) movements to induce this form of plasticity. Active training led to successful encoding accompanied by characteristic changes in corticomotor excitability, while passive training did not. These results support a pivotal role for voluntary motor drive in coding motor memories in the primary motor cortex.

scholarly journals Corticotectal Projections From the Premotor or Primary Motor Cortex After Cortical Lesion or Parkinsonian Symptoms in Adult Macaque Monkeys: A Pilot Tracing Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Fregosi ◽  
Alessandro Contestabile ◽  
Simon Badoud ◽  
Simon Borgognon ◽  
Jérôme Cottet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Lesion ◽  
Macaque Monkeys

Enhancing Encoding of a Motor Memory in the Primary Motor Cortex By Cortical Stimulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2110-2116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathrin M. Bütefisch ◽  
Vikram Khurana ◽  
Leonid Kopylev ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Motor Training ◽  
Training Task ◽  
Plastic Process ◽  
And Training ◽  
Stimulation Of

Motor training results in encoding of motor memories, a form of use-dependent plasticity. Here we tested the hypothesis that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) synchronously applied to a motor cortex engaged in a motor training task could enhance this plastic process. Healthy volunteers were studied in four sessions: training consisting of performance of directionally specific voluntary thumb movements ( Train alone), training with TMS delivered during the execution of the training movement in a strictly temporal relationship to the motor cortex contralateral ( Train+ TMS synchronouscontra) and ipsilateral ( Train+ TMS synchronousipsi) to the training hand, and training with TMS delivered asynchronous to the training movement to the motor cortex contralateral to the training hand ( Train+ TMS asynchronouscontra). Train alone, Train+ TMS synchronouscontra, and Train+ TMS asynchronouscontra but not Train+ TMS synchronousipsi elicited a clear motor memory. The longevity of the encoded memory was significantly enhanced by Train+ TMS synchronouscontra when compared with Train alone and Train+ TMS asynchronouscontra. Therefore use-dependent encoding of a motor memory can be enhanced by synchronous Hebbian stimulation of the motor cortex that drives the training task and reduced by stimulation of the homologous ipsilateral motor cortex, a result relevant for studies of cognitive and physical rehabilitation.

Task-related changes in intracortical inhibition assessed with paired- and triple-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 1470-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Opie ◽  
Michael C. Ridding ◽  
John G. Semmler
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Presynaptic Mechanisms ◽  
First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle

Recent research has demonstrated a task-related modulation of postsynaptic intracortical inhibition within primary motor cortex for tasks requiring isolated (abduction) or synergistic (precision grip) muscle activation. The current study sought to investigate task-related changes in pre- and postsynaptic intracortical inhibition in motor cortex. In 13 young adults (22.5 ± 3.5 yr), paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure short (SICI)- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) (i.e., postsynaptic motor cortex inhibition) in first dorsal interosseous muscle, and triple-pulse TMS was used to investigate changes in SICI-LICI interactions (i.e., presynaptic motor cortex inhibition). These measurements were obtained at rest and during muscle activation involving isolated abduction of the index finger and during a precision grip using the index finger and thumb. SICI was reduced during abduction and precision grip compared with rest, with greater reductions during precision grip. The modulation of LICI during muscle activation depended on the interstimulus interval (ISI; 100 and 150 ms) but was not different between abduction and precision grip. For triple-pulse TMS, SICI was reduced in the presence of LICI at both ISIs in resting muscle (reflecting presynaptic motor cortex inhibition) but was only modulated at the 150-ms ISI during index finger abduction. Results suggest that synergistic contractions are accompanied by greater reductions in postsynaptic motor cortex inhibition than isolated contractions, but the contribution of presynaptic mechanisms to this disinhibition is limited. Furthermore, timing-dependent variations in LICI provide additional evidence that measurements using different ISIs may not represent activation of the same cortical process.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys

2011 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Bashir ◽  
Mélanie Kaeser ◽  
Alexander Wyss ◽  
Adjia Hamadjida ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Unilateral Lesion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
Short Term Effects

scholarly journals Chronic Stability of Single-Channel Neurophysiological Correlates of Gross and Fine Reaching Movements in the Rat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Bundy ◽  
David J Guggenmos ◽  
Maxwell D Murphy ◽  
Randolph J. Nudo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Local Field Potential ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Reaching Movements

AbstractFollowing injury to motor cortex, reorganization occurs throughout spared brain regions and is thought to underlie motor recovery. Unfortunately, the standard neurophysiological and neuroanatomical measures of post-lesion plasticity are only indirectly related to observed changes in motor execution. While substantial task-related neural activity has been observed during motor tasks in rodent primary motor cortex and premotor cortex, the long-term stability of these responses in healthy rats is uncertain, limiting the interpretability of longitudinal changes in the specific patterns of neural activity during motor recovery following injury. This study examined the stability of task-related neural activity associated with execution of reaching movements in healthy rodents. Rats were trained to perform a novel reaching task combining a ‘gross’ lever press and a ‘fine’ pellet retrieval. In each animal, two chronic microelectrode arrays were implanted in motor cortex spanning the caudal forelimb area (rodent primary motor cortex) and the rostral forelimb area (rodent premotor cortex). We recorded multiunit spiking and local field potential activity from 10 days to 7-10 weeks post-implantation to characterize the patterns of neural activity observed during each task component and analyzed the consistency of channel-specific task-related neural activity. Task-related changes in neural activity were observed on the majority of channels. While the task-related changes in multi-unit spiking and local field potential spectral power were consistent over several weeks, spectral power changes were more stable, despite the trade-off of decreased spatial and temporal resolution. These results show that rodent primary and premotor cortex are both involved in reaching movements with stable patterns of task-related activity across time, establishing the relevance of the rodent for future studies designed to examine changes in task-related neural activity during recovery from focal cortical lesions.

scholarly journals Synchronization in Monkey Motor Cortex During a Precision Grip Task. I. Task-Dependent Modulation in Single-Unit Synchrony

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 869-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Baker ◽  
R. Spinks ◽  
A. Jackson ◽  
R. N. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Average Width ◽  
Population Synchrony ◽  
Hold Period ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact

Neural synchronization in the cortex, and its potential role in information coding, has attracted much recent attention. In this study, we have recorded long spike trains (mean, 33,000 spikes) simultaneously from multiple single neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) of two conscious macaque monkeys performing a precision grip task. The task required the monkey to use its index finger and thumb to move two spring-loaded levers into a target, hold them there for 1 s, and release for a food reward. Synchrony was analyzed using a time-resolved cross-correlation method, normalized using an estimate of the instantaneous firing rate of the cell. This was shown to be more reliable than methods using trial-averaged firing rate. A total of 375 neurons was recorded from the M1 hand area; 235 were identified as pyramidal tract neurons. Synchrony was weak [mean k′ = 1.05 ± 0.04 (SD)] but widespread among pairs of M1 neurons (218/1359 pairs with above-chance synchrony), including output neurons. Synchrony usually took the form of a broad central peak [average width, 18.7 ± 8.7 (SD) ms]. There were marked changes during different phases of the task. As a population, synchrony was greatest during the steady hold period in striking contrast to the averaged cell firing rate, which was maximal when the animal was moving the levers into target. However, the modulation of synchrony during task performance showed considerable variation across individual cell pairs. Two types of synchrony were identified: oscillatory (with periodic side lobes in the cross-correlation) and nonoscillatory. Their relative contributions were quantified by filtering the cross-correlations to exclude either frequencies from 18 to 37 Hz or all higher and lower frequencies. At the peak of population synchrony during the hold period, about half (51.7% in one monkey, 56.2% in the other) of the synchronization was within this oscillatory bandwidth. This study provides strong support for assemblies of neurons being synchronized during specific phases of a complex task with potentially important consequences for both information processing within M1 and for the impact of M1 commands on target motoneurons.

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