Spatiotemporal Patterns of Excitation and Inhibition Evoked by the Horizontal Network in Layer 2/3 of Ferret Visual Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 488-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Tucker ◽  
Lawrence C. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Connections ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Diffuse Zone ◽  
Voltage Sensitive Dyes ◽  
Horizontal Network

The horizontal network in visual cortex layer 2/3 is implicated in numerous psychophysical and physiological properties. To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of excitation and inhibition evoked by this network, we used voltage-sensitive dyes to image the responses to focal electrical stimulation in tangential slices of ferret visual cortex layer 2/3. The resulting optical patterns included a diffuse zone of activation near the stimulation site and numerous ovoid domains throughout the slice. In contrast to the fixed anatomy of the horizontal connections, substantial shifts in both space and time were evident in the distribution of population-based neuronal activity during stimulus trains. Both of these shifts relied on inhibitory synaptic potentials, suggesting that inhibition driven by horizontal connections sculpts the distribution of activity in this cortical network.

Recruitment of Local Inhibitory Networks by Horizontal Connections in Layer 2/3 of Ferret Visual Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Tucker ◽  
Lawrence C. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Strong Inhibition ◽  
Nonlinear Responses ◽  
Horizontal Connections ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Linear Integration ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Inhibitory Networks

To investigate how neurons in cortical layer 2/3 integrate horizontal inputs arising from widely distributed sites, we combined intracellular recording and voltage-sensitive dye imaging to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal activity evoked by electrical stimulation of multiple sites in visual cortex. Individual stimuli evoked characteristic patterns of optical activity, while delivering stimuli at multiple sites generated interacting patterns in the regions of overlap. We observed that neurons in overlapping regions received convergent horizontal activation that generated nonlinear responses due to the emergence of large inhibitory potentials. The results indicate that co-activation of multiple sets of horizontal connections recruit strong inhibition from local inhibitory networks, causing marked deviations from simple linear integration.

scholarly journals Opposing influence of top-down and bottom-up input on different types of excitatory layer 2/3 neurons in mouse visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jordan ◽  
Georg B. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

ABSTRACTProcessing in cortical circuits is driven by combinations of cortical and subcortical inputs. These signals are often conceptually categorized as bottom-up input, conveying sensory information, and top-down input, conveying contextual information. Using intracellular recordings in mouse visual cortex, we measured neuronal responses to visual input, locomotion, and visuomotor mismatches. We show that layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons compute a difference between top-down motor-related input and bottom-up visual flow input. Most L2/3 neurons responded to visuomotor mismatch with either hyperpolarization or depolarization, and these two response types were associated with distinct physiological properties. Consistent with a subtraction of bottom-up and top-down input, visual and motor-related inputs had opposing influence in L2/3 neurons. In infragranular neurons, we found no evidence of a difference-computation and responses were consistent with a positive integration of visuomotor inputs. Our results provide evidence that L2/3 functions as a bidirectional comparator of top-down and bottom-up input.

scholarly journals Development of Horizontal Projections in Layer 2/3 of Ferret Visual Cortex

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy C. Durack ◽  
Lawrence C. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Layer 2

scholarly journals A Quantitative Description of Short-Term Plasticity at Excitatory Synapses in Layer 2/3 of Rat Primary Visual Cortex

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7926-7940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Varela ◽  
Kamal Sen ◽  
Jay Gibson ◽  
Joshua Fost ◽  
L. F. Abbott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Layer 2

scholarly journals Asymmetric Temporal Integration of Layer 4 and Layer 2/3 Inputs in Visual Cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giao B. Hang ◽  
Yang Dan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
The Difference

Neocortical neurons in vivo receive concurrent synaptic inputs from multiple sources, including feedforward, horizontal, and feedback pathways. Layer 2/3 of the visual cortex receives feedforward input from layer 4 and horizontal input from layer 2/3. Firing of the pyramidal neurons, which carries the output to higher cortical areas, depends critically on the interaction of these pathways. Here we examined synaptic integration of inputs from layer 4 and layer 2/3 in rat visual cortical slices. We found that the integration is sublinear and temporally asymmetric, with larger responses if layer 2/3 input preceded layer 4 input. The sublinearity depended on inhibition, and the asymmetry was largely attributable to the difference between the two inhibitory inputs. Interestingly, the asymmetric integration was specific to pyramidal neurons, and it strongly affected their spiking output. Thus via cortical inhibition, the temporal order of activation of layer 2/3 and layer 4 pathways can exert powerful control of cortical output during visual processing.

scholarly journals Visual Deprivation Decreases Somatic GAD65 Puncta Number on Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Visual Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Kreczko ◽  
Anubhuthi Goel ◽  
Lihua Song ◽  
Hey-Kyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Inhibitory Circuitry ◽  
Layer 2

Proper functioning of the visual system depends on maturation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the visual cortex. Considering that perisomatic inhibition is one of the key factors that control the critical period in visual cortex, it is pertinent to understand its regulation by visual experience. To do this, we developed an immunohistochemical method that allows three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65-positive inhibitory terminals in the visual cortex. Using this method on transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) in a subset of neurons, we found that the number of somatic GAD65-puncta on individual layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons is reduced when mice are dark-reared from birth and reverted to normal levels by re-exposure to light. There was no change in GAD65-puncta volume or intensity. These results support the reorganization of inhibitory circuitry within layer 2/3 of visual cortex in response to changes in visual experience.

scholarly journals Visual Tuning Properties of Genetically Identified Layer 2/3 Neuronal Types in the Primary Visual Cortex of Cre-Transgenic Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatim A. Zariwala ◽  
Linda Madisen ◽  
Kurt F. Ahrens ◽  
Amy Bernard ◽  
Edward S. Lein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Neuronal Types
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