scholarly journals Visual Deprivation Decreases Somatic GAD65 Puncta Number on Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Visual Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Kreczko ◽  
Anubhuthi Goel ◽  
Lihua Song ◽  
Hey-Kyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Inhibitory Circuitry ◽  
Layer 2

Proper functioning of the visual system depends on maturation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the visual cortex. Considering that perisomatic inhibition is one of the key factors that control the critical period in visual cortex, it is pertinent to understand its regulation by visual experience. To do this, we developed an immunohistochemical method that allows three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65-positive inhibitory terminals in the visual cortex. Using this method on transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) in a subset of neurons, we found that the number of somatic GAD65-puncta on individual layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons is reduced when mice are dark-reared from birth and reverted to normal levels by re-exposure to light. There was no change in GAD65-puncta volume or intensity. These results support the reorganization of inhibitory circuitry within layer 2/3 of visual cortex in response to changes in visual experience.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Temporal Integration of Layer 4 and Layer 2/3 Inputs in Visual Cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giao B. Hang ◽  
Yang Dan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
The Difference

Neocortical neurons in vivo receive concurrent synaptic inputs from multiple sources, including feedforward, horizontal, and feedback pathways. Layer 2/3 of the visual cortex receives feedforward input from layer 4 and horizontal input from layer 2/3. Firing of the pyramidal neurons, which carries the output to higher cortical areas, depends critically on the interaction of these pathways. Here we examined synaptic integration of inputs from layer 4 and layer 2/3 in rat visual cortical slices. We found that the integration is sublinear and temporally asymmetric, with larger responses if layer 2/3 input preceded layer 4 input. The sublinearity depended on inhibition, and the asymmetry was largely attributable to the difference between the two inhibitory inputs. Interestingly, the asymmetric integration was specific to pyramidal neurons, and it strongly affected their spiking output. Thus via cortical inhibition, the temporal order of activation of layer 2/3 and layer 4 pathways can exert powerful control of cortical output during visual processing.

Layer-specific involvement of endocannabinoid signaling in muscarinic-induced long-term depression in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of rat visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 1712 ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayoung Joo ◽  
Kwang-Hyun Cho ◽  
Sung-Hee Youn ◽  
Hyun-Jong Jang ◽  
Duck-Joo Rhie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Layer 2

scholarly journals VIP interneurons in mouse primary visual cortex selectively enhance responses to weak but specific stimuli

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Millman ◽  
Gabriel Koch Ocker ◽  
Shiella Caldejon ◽  
India Kato ◽  
Josh D Larkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Visual Coding ◽  
Mutual Antagonism ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Highly Correlated

Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in the cortex regulate feedback inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and, reciprocally, SST neurons inhibit VIP neurons. Although VIP neuron activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mouse is highly correlated with locomotion, the relevance of locomotion-related VIP neuron activity to visual coding is not known. Here we show that VIP neurons in mouse V1 respond strongly to low contrast front-to-back motion that is congruent with self-motion during locomotion but are suppressed by other directions and contrasts. VIP and SST neurons have complementary contrast tuning. Layer 2/3 contains a substantially larger population of low contrast preferring pyramidal neurons than deeper layers, and layer 2/3 (but not deeper layer) pyramidal neurons show bias for front-to-back motion specifically at low contrast. Network modeling indicates that VIP-SST mutual antagonism regulates the gain of the cortex to achieve sensitivity to specific weak stimuli without compromising network stability.

Local Connections to Specific Types of Layer 6 Neurons in the Rat Visual Cortex

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 1751-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Zarrinpar ◽  
Edward M. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Barrel Cortex ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Thalamic Input

Because layer 6 of the cerebral cortex receives direct thalamic input and provides projections back to the thalamus, it is in a unique position to influence thalamocortical interactions. Different types of layer 6 pyramidal neurons provide output to different thalamic nuclei, and it is therefore of interest to understand the sources of functional input to these neurons. We studied the morphologies and local excitatory input to individual layer 6 neurons in rat visual cortex by combining intracellular labeling and recording with laser-scanning photostimulation. As in previous photostimulation studies, we found significant differences in the sources of local excitatory input to different cell types. Most notably, there were differences in local input to neurons that, based on analogy to barrel cortex, are likely to project only to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus versus those that are likely to also project to the lateral posterior nucleus. The more striking finding, however, was the paucity of superficial layer input to layer 6 neurons in the rat visual cortex, contrasting sharply with layer 6 neurons in the primate visual cortex. These observations provide insight into differences in function between cortical projections to first-order versus higher-order thalamic nuclei and also show that these circuits can be organized differently in different species.

Layer-specific serotonergic facilitation of IPSC in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the visual cortex

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jong Jang ◽  
Kwang-Hyun Cho ◽  
Sung-Won Park ◽  
Myung-Jun Kim ◽  
Shin Hee Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Inhibitory Transmission ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Stimulation Of

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) inhibits the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity in layer 2/3 of the visual cortex at the end of its critical period in rats. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Since inhibitory influence is crucial in the induction of synaptic plasticity, the effect of 5-HT on inhibitory transmission was investigated in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the primary visual cortex. The amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC), but not excitatory postsynaptic current, evoked by stimulation of the underlying layer 4, was increased by ∼20% with a bath application of 5-HT. The amplitude of miniature IPSC was also increased by the application of 5-HT, while the paired-pulse ratio was not changed. The facilitating effect of 5-HT on IPSC was mediated by the activation of 5-HT2 receptors. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ via release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores, which was confirmed by confocal Ca2+ imaging, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) were involved in the facilitation of IPSC by 5-HT. However, 5-HT failed to facilitate IPSC evoked by the stimulation of layer 1. These results suggest that activation of 5-HT2 receptors releases intracellular Ca2+ via IP3-sensitive stores, which facilitates GABAAergic transmission via the activation of CaMKII in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the visual cortex in a layer-specific manner. Thus facilitation of inhibitory transmission by 5-HT might be involved in regulating the information flow and the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity, in a pathway-specific manner.

scholarly journals Contribution of apical and basal dendrites to orientation encoding in mouse V1 L2/3 pyramidal neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Park ◽  
Athanasia Papoutsi ◽  
Ryan T. Ash ◽  
Miguel A. Marin ◽  
Panayiota Poirazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Basal Dendrites ◽  
Tuning Width ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Apical Dendrites

AbstractPyramidal neurons integrate synaptic inputs from basal and apical dendrites to generate stimulus-specific responses. It has been proposed that feed-forward inputs to basal dendrites drive a neuron’s stimulus preference, while feedback inputs to apical dendrites sharpen selectivity. However, how a neuron’s dendritic domains relate to its functional selectivity has not been demonstrated experimentally. We performed 2-photon dendritic micro-dissection on layer-2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex. We found that removing the apical dendritic tuft did not alter orientation-tuning. Furthermore, orientation-tuning curves were remarkably robust to the removal of basal dendrites: ablation of 2 basal dendrites was needed to cause a small shift in orientation preference, without significantly altering tuning width. Computational modeling corroborated our results and put limits on how orientation preferences among basal dendrites differ in order to reproduce the post-ablation data. In conclusion, neuronal orientation-tuning appears remarkably robust to loss of dendritic input.

Ocular dominance columns and local projections of layer 6 pyramidal neurons in macaque primary visual cortex

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Wiser ◽  
Edward M. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Ocular Dominance Columns ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Axonal Arbors

AbstractTo study the relationship between ocular dominance columns (ODCs) and axonal projections of individual layer 6 pyramidal neurons in the primary visual cortex, neurons were intracellularly labeled with biocytin in live slices prepared from macaque monkeys that had received an intravitreal injection of tetrodotoxin (TTX). The TTX injection indirectly causes a decrease in cytochrome oxidase (CO) expression in the cortical ODCs corresponding to the treated eye (Wong-Riley & Carroll, 1984). Sections from slices with labeled layer 6 neurons were double stained for biocytin and CO, to allow visualization of neuronal processes as well as ODCs. Twenty-seven layer 6 pyramidal neurons in ODC-labeled slices were analyzed. These neurons were classified according to the criteria of Wiser and Callaway (1996). Eight of these are class I neurons, which have dense axonal projections to the monocular layer 4C. The remaining 19 are class II neurons which project primarily to the binocular layers outside 4C. Among class I neurons, two have dense axonal arbors in layer 4Cα (type Iα), one in layer 4Cβ (type Iβ), and two throughout the depth of layer 4C (type IC). None of these neurons have ODC-specific axonal arbors. The remaining three class I neurons have focused axonal projections in layers 4Cβ and 4A (type IβA). All three appear to have axonal arbors predominantly within their home ODC in layer 4C. The axonal arbors of class II neurons do not appear to relate to ODCs in any specific fashion.

scholarly journals The effect of inclusion criteria on the functional properties reported in mouse visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Mesa ◽  
Jack Waters ◽  
Saskia E. J. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex

ABSTRACTNeurophysiology studies require the use of inclusion criteria to identify neurons responsive to the experimental stimuli. Five recent studies used calcium imaging to measure the preferred tuning properties of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse visual areas. These five studies employed different inclusion criteria and report different, sometimes conflicting results. Here, we examine how different inclusion criteria can impact reported tuning properties, modifying inclusion criteria to select different sub-populations from the same dataset of almost 10,000 layer 2/3 neurons from the Allen Brain Observatory. The choice of inclusion criteria greatly affected the mean tuning properties of the resulting sub-populations; indeed, the differences in mean tuning due to inclusion criteria were often of comparable magnitude to the differences between studies. In particular, the mean preferred temporal frequencies of visual areas changed markedly with inclusion criteria, such that the rank ordering of visual areas based on their temporal frequency preferences changed with the percentage of neurons included. It has been suggested that differences in temporal frequency tuning support a hierarchy of mouse visual areas. These results demonstrate that our understanding of the functional organization of the mouse visual cortex obtained from previous experiments critically depends on the inclusion criteria used.

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