Distribution of Eye- and Arm-Movement-Related Neuronal Activity in the SEF and in the SMA and Pre-SMA of Monkeys

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2158-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naotaka Fujii ◽  
Hajime Mushiake ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Context Dependency ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field

We analyzed neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF), supplementary motor area (SMA), and presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) during the performance of three motor tasks: capturing a visual target with a saccade, reaching one arm to a target while gazing at a visual fixation point, or capturing a target with a saccade and arm-reach together. Our data demonstrated that each area was involved in controlling the arm and eye movements in a different manner. Saccade-related neurons were found mainly in the SEF. In contrast, arm-movement-related neurons were found primarily in the SMA and pre-SMA. In addition, we found that the activity of both arm-movement- and saccade-related neurons differed depending on the presence or absence of an accompanying saccade or arm movement. Such context dependency was found in all three areas. We also discovered that activity preceding eye or arm movement alone, and eye and arm movement combined, appeared more often in the pre-SMA and SEF, suggesting their involvement in effector-independent aspects of motor behavior. Subsequent analysis revealed that the laterality of arm representation differed in the three areas: it was predominantly contralateral in the SMA but largely bilateral in the pre-SMA and SEF.

Rostrocaudal Distinction of the Dorsal Premotor Area Based on Oculomotor Involvement

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1764-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naotaka Fujii ◽  
Hajime Mushiake ◽  
Jun Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Rostral Part

To investigate functional differences between the rostral and caudal parts of the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), we first examined the effects of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) while monkeys were performing oculomotor and limb motor tasks or while they were at rest. We found that saccades were evoked from the rostral part (PMdr) whereas ICMS in the caudal part (PMdc) predominantly produced forelimb or body movements. Subsequently, we examined neuronal activity in relation to the performance of visually cued and memorized saccades while monkeys reached an arm toward a visual target. We found that roughly equal numbers of PMdr neurons were active during performance of the oculomotor and limb motor tasks. In contrast, the majority of PMdc neurons were related preferentially to arm movements and not to saccades. In the subsequent analysis, we found that the oculomotor effects evoked in the PMdr differ from the effects evoked in either the frontal eye field (FEF) or supplementary eye field (SEF). These findings suggest that the PMdr is involved in oculomotor as well as limb motor behavior. However, the oculomotor involvement of the PMdr seems to have a functional aspect different from that operating in the FEF and SEF.

scholarly journals Performance monitoring by presupplementary and supplementary motor area during an arm movement countermanding task

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1928-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine W. Scangos ◽  
Ryan Aronberg ◽  
Veit Stuphorn
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
General Role ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
Movement Selection

A key component of executive control and decision making is the ability to use the consequences of chosen actions to update and inform the process of future action selection. Evaluative signals, which monitor the outcomes of actions, are critical for this ability. Signals related to the evaluation of actions have been identified in eye movement-related areas of the medial frontal cortex. Here we examined whether such evaluative signals are also present in areas of the medial frontal cortex related to arm movements. To answer this question, we recorded from cells in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA, while monkeys performed an arm movement version of the countermanding paradigm. SMA and pre-SMA have been implicated in the higher-order control of movement selection and execution, although their precise role within the skeletomotor control circuit is unclear. We found evaluative signals that encode information about the expected outcome of the reward, the actual outcome, and the mismatch between actual and intended outcome. These findings suggest that signals that monitor and evaluate movement outcomes are represented throughout the medial frontal cortex, playing a general role across effector systems. These evaluation signals supervise the relationship between intentional motor behavior and reward expectation and could be used to adaptively shape future goal-directed behavior.

Visually guided saccade versus eye-hand reach: contrasting neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary and frontal eye fields

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 2187-2191 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mushiake ◽  
N. Fujii ◽  
J. Tanji
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Frontal Eye Fields ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movement ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Eye Field

1. We studied neuronal activity in the supplementary eye field (SEF) and frontal eye field (FEF) of a monkey during performance of a conditional motor task that required capturing of a target either with a saccadic eye movement (the saccade-only condition) or with an eye-hand reach (the saccade-and-reach condition), according to visual instructions. 2. Among 106 SEF neurons that showed presaccadic activity, more than one-half of them (54%) were active preferentially under the saccade-only condition (n = 12) or under the saccade-and-reach condition (n = 45), while the remaining 49 neurons were equally active in both conditions. 3. By contrast, most (97%) of the 109 neurons in the FEF exhibited approximately equal activity in relation to saccades under the two conditions. 4. The present results suggest the possibility that SEF neurons, at least in part, are involved in signaling whether the motor task is oculomotor or combined eye-arm movements, whereas FEF neurons are mostly related to oculomotor control.

scholarly journals Distinct neuronal organizations of the caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area in monkeys for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Nakayama ◽  
Osamu Yokoyama ◽  
Eiji Hoshi
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Contralateral Hand ◽  
Hand Preferences

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study aimed to characterize the functional organization of these regions during movement by investigating laterality representations in the CMAc and SMA of monkeys via an examination of neuronal activity during a button press movement with either the right or left hand. Three types of movement-related neuronal activity were observed: 1) with only the contralateral hand, 2) with only the ipsilateral hand, and 3) with either hand. Neurons in the CMAc represented contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements to the same degree, whereas neuronal representations in the SMA were biased toward contralateral hand movement. Furthermore, recording neuronal activities using a linear-array multicontact electrode with 24 contacts spaced 150 μm apart allowed us to analyze the spatial distribution of neurons exhibiting particular hand preferences at the submillimeter scale. The CMAc and SMA displayed distinct microarchitectural organizations. The contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral CMAc neurons were distributed homogeneously, whereas SMA neurons exhibiting identical hand preferences tended to cluster. These findings indicate that the CMAc, which is functionally organized in a less structured manner than the SMA is, controls contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements in a counterbalanced fashion, whereas the SMA, which is more structured, preferentially controls contralateral hand movements.

scholarly journals Relation of ordinal position signals to the expectation of reward and passage of time in four areas of the macaque frontal cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2547-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara K. Berdyyeva ◽  
Carl R. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Successive Stage ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Supplementary Eye Field ◽  
Order Task ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Eye Field

Neurons in several areas of the monkey frontal cortex exhibit rank selectivity, firing differentially as a function of the stage attained during the performance of a serial order task. The activity of these neurons is commonly thought to represent ordinal position within the trial. However, they might also be sensitive to factors correlated with ordinal position including time elapsed during the trial (which is greater for each successive stage) and the degree of anticipation of reward (which probably increases at each successive stage). To compare the influences of these factors, we monitored neuronal activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA), presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), supplementary eye field (SEF), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the performance of a serial order task (requiring a series of saccades in three specified directions), a variable reward task (in which a cue displayed early in the trial indicated whether the reward received at the end of the trial would be large or small), and a long delay task (in which the monkey had simply to maintain fixation during a period of time approximating the duration of an average trial in the serial order task). We found that rank signals were partially correlated with sensitivity to elapsed time and anticipated reward. The connection to elapsed time was strongest in the pre-SMA. The connection to anticipated reward was most pronounced in the SMA and SEF. However, critically, these factors could not fully explain rank selectivity in any of the areas tested.

Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. I. Responses to instructions determining motor responses to forthcoming signals of different modalities

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tanji ◽  
K. Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Tone Burst ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Auditory Mode ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Types Of Instruction ◽  
Increased Activity

The present report contrasts neuronal activity in two motor cortical fields after instructions that determine which of two sensory signals will trigger a movement and which will not. The goal of the study was to determine possible differential roles of the two cortical fields in the process of preparing to move in response to one external cue and to ignore another. Single-cell recordings were made from the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the precentral motor area (PCM) of monkeys trained to perform key-press movements in two different modes. In the auditory mode, an instruction signal warned the animal to prepare to start the movement promptly in response to a forthcoming 1,000-Hz tone burst (trigger signal), but to remain motionless if the signal was vibrotactile (nontrigger signal). In the tactile mode, the trigger and nontrigger signals were reversed: a different instruction signal warned the animal to prepare to perform the key-press movement in response to the vibrotactile cue, but to withhold it in response to the 1,000-Hz tone. The instruction signals were auditory tones of 300 Hz for the auditory mode and 100 Hz for the tactile mode. Out of 259 task-related SMA neurons, 128 (49%) responded to instructions. Three types of instruction responses were observed: 1) 95 neurons showed continuous instruction-induced activity changes lasting until the occurrence of the movement-triggering signal, regardless of whether an intervening nontrigger signal occurred. 2) 24 neurons showed increased activity until the occurrence of the nontriggering signal, after which the activity subsided. When there was no nontrigger signal, the activity increased during a period when the nontrigger signal might have been given. 3) Nine neurons responded with a transient, short-latency discharge after the instruction. The responses of SMA neurons to two instructions were often different. Forty-four SMA neurons exhibited a selective response to only one of the two instructions. In 43 neurons the response was differential, with the magnitude of activity increase or decrease being at least three times greater after one instruction than the other. In the remaining 41 neurons the response was nondifferential. Out of 112 task-related PCM neurons, 25 (22%) responded to the instructions. In the majority of them (21 neurons), the instruction response was nondifferential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Features of targeted arm movement after unilateral excisions that included the supplementary motor area in humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 655 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen R. Bell ◽  
Guilford H. Traylor ◽  
Marjorie E. Anderson ◽  
Mitchel S. Berger ◽  
George A. Ojemann
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Motor Area
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