Roles of default-mode network and supplementary motor area in human vigilance performance: evidence from real-time fMRI

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Hinds ◽  
Todd W. Thompson ◽  
Satrajit Ghosh ◽  
Julie J. Yoo ◽  
Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Brain States

We used real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine which regions of the human brain have a role in vigilance as measured by reaction time (RT) to variably timed stimuli. We first identified brain regions where activation before stimulus presentation predicted RT. Slower RT was preceded by greater activation in the default-mode network, including lateral parietal, precuneus, and medial prefrontal cortices; faster RT was preceded by greater activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA). We examined the roles of these brain regions in vigilance by triggering trials based on brain states defined by blood oxygenation level-dependent activation measured using real-time fMRI. When activation of relevant neural systems indicated either a good brain state (increased activation of SMA) or a bad brain state (increased activation of lateral parietal cortex and precuneus) for performance, a target was presented and RT was measured. RTs on trials triggered by a good brain state were significantly faster than RTs on trials triggered by a bad brain state. Thus human performance was controlled by monitoring brain states that indicated high or low vigilance. These findings identify neural systems that have a role in vigilance and provide direct evidence that the default-mode network has a role in human performance. The ability to control and enhance human behavior based on brain state may have broad implications.

scholarly journals O4.4. REAL TIME FMRI NEUROFEEDBACK TARGETING STG AND DMN REDUCES AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S10-S10
Author(s):  
Margaret Niznikiewicz ◽  
Kana Okano ◽  
Clemens Bauer ◽  
Paul Nestor ◽  
Elizabetta Del Re ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Central Executive ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Central Executive Network ◽  
Voice Recording

Abstract Background Auditory hallucinations (AH) are one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ) and constitute a significant source of suffering and disability. One third of SZ patients experience pharmacology-resistant AH, so an alternative/complementary treatment strategy is needed to alleviate this debilitating condition. In this study, real-time functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging neurofeedback (rt-fMRI NFB), a non-invasive technique, was used to help 10 SZ patients modulate their brain activity in key brain regions belonging to the network involved in the experience of auditory hallucinations. In two experiments we selected two different brain targets. 1. the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and 2. default mode network (DMN)-central executive network (CEN) connectivity. STG is a key area in the neurophysiology of AH. Hyperactivation of the default mode network (DMN) and of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in SZ has been shown in imaging studies. Furthermore, several studies point to reduced anticorrelation between the DMN and the central executive network (CEN). Finally, DMN hyperconnectivity has been associated with positive symptoms such as AHs while reduced DMN anticorrelations have been associated with cognitive impairment. Methods In the STG-focused NFB experiment, subjects were trained to upregulate the STG activity while listening to their own voice recording and downregulate it while ignoring a stranger’s voice recording in the course of 21 min NFB session. Visual feedback was provided to subjects at the end of each run from their own STG activity in the form of a thermometer. AH were assessed with auditory hallucination scale pre-NFB and within a week after the NFB session. The DMN-CEN focused NFB experiment was conducted about 1 month later to minimize the carry over effects from the STG-focused NFB and was designed to help SZ patients modulate their DMN and CEN networks. DMN and CEN networks were defined individually for each subject. The goal of the task was to increase CEN-DMN anti-correlations. To achieve that patients were provided with meditation strategies to guide their performance. Feedback was provided in the form of a ball that traveled up if the modulation of DMN-CEN connectivity was successful and traveled down if it was not successful. AH measures were taken before the NFB session and within a week after the session. Results In the STG-focused NFB task, significant STG activation reduction was found in the comparison of pre- relative to post-NFB in the condition of ignoring another person’s voice (p<0.05), FWE-TFCE corrected. AH were also significantly reduced (p<0.01). Importantly, significant correlation was found between reductions in the STG activation and AH reductions (r=.83). In the DMN-CEN focused NFB task, significant increase in the anti-correlations between medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (p<0.05) was observed as well as significant reduction in the mPFC-PCC connectivity (p <0.05), in the pre-post NFB comparisons. AH were significantly reduced in post- relative to pre-NFB comparison (p<0.02). Finally, there was a significant correlation between individual scores in mPFC-STG connectivity and AH reductions. Discussion These the two experiments suggest that targeting both the STG BOLD activation and DMN-CEN connectivity in NFB tasks aimed at AH reduction result both in brain changes and in AH reductions. Together, these results provide strong preliminary support for the NFB use as a means to impact brain function leading to reductions in AH in SZ. Importantly, these results suggest that AH result from brain abnormalities in a network of brain regions and that targeting a brain region belonging to this network will lead to AH symptom reduction.

scholarly journals Cerebral Blood Flow in Posterior Cortical Nodes of the Default Mode Network Decreases with Task Engagement but Remains Higher than in Most Brain Regions

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pfefferbaum ◽  
S. Chanraud ◽  
A.-L. Pitel ◽  
E. Muller-Oehring ◽  
A. Shankaranarayanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Default Mode

scholarly journals Maturation of Brain Regions Related to the Default Mode Network during Adolescence Facilitates Narrative Comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzipi Horowitz Kraus ◽  
Rola Farah ◽  
Ardag Hajinazarian ◽  
Kenneth Eaton ◽  
Akila Rajagopal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Narrative Comprehension ◽  
Default Mode

scholarly journals Basal forebrain contributes to default mode network regulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayakrishnan Nair ◽  
Arndt-Lukas Klaassen ◽  
Jozsef Arato ◽  
Alexei L. Vyssotski ◽  
Michael Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Quiet Wakefulness ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Brain States

The default mode network (DMN) is a collection of cortical brain regions that is active during states of rest or quiet wakefulness in humans and other mammalian species. A pertinent characteristic of the DMN is a suppression of local field potential gamma activity during cognitive task performance as well as during engagement with external sensory stimuli. Conversely, gamma activity is elevated in the DMN during rest. Here, we document that the rat basal forebrain (BF) exhibits the same pattern of responses, namely pronounced gamma oscillations during quiet wakefulness in the home cage and suppression of this activity during active exploration of an unfamiliar environment. We show that gamma oscillations are localized to the BF and that gamma-band activity in the BF has a directional influence on a hub of the rat DMN, the anterior cingulate cortex, during DMN-dominated brain states. The BF is well known as an ascending, activating, neuromodulatory system involved in wake–sleep regulation, memory formation, and regulation of sensory information processing. Our findings suggest a hitherto undocumented role of the BF as a subcortical node of the DMN, which we speculate may be important for switching between internally and externally directed brain states. We discuss potential BF projection circuits that could underlie its role in DMN regulation and highlight that certain BF nuclei may provide potential target regions for up- or down-regulation of DMN activity that might prove useful for treatment of DMN dysfunction in conditions such as epilepsy or major depressive disorder.

scholarly journals Temporal circuit of macroscale dynamic brain activity supports human consciousness

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. eaaz0087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zirui Huang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jinsong Wu ◽  
George A. Mashour ◽  
Anthony G. Hudetz
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Dorsal Attention Network ◽  
Brain States

The ongoing stream of human consciousness relies on two distinct cortical systems, the default mode network and the dorsal attention network, which alternate their activity in an anticorrelated manner. We examined how the two systems are regulated in the conscious brain and how they are disrupted when consciousness is diminished. We provide evidence for a “temporal circuit” characterized by a set of trajectories along which dynamic brain activity occurs. We demonstrate that the transitions between default mode and dorsal attention networks are embedded in this temporal circuit, in which a balanced reciprocal accessibility of brain states is characteristic of consciousness. Conversely, isolation of the default mode and dorsal attention networks from the temporal circuit is associated with unresponsiveness of diverse etiologies. These findings advance the foundational understanding of the functional role of anticorrelated systems in consciousness.

scholarly journals Activity or connectivity? A randomized controlled feasibility study evaluating neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Papoutsi ◽  
Joerg Magerkurth ◽  
Oliver Josephs ◽  
Sophia E Pépés ◽  
Temi Ibitoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Psychomotor Function ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Non-invasive methods, such as neurofeedback training, could support cognitive symptom management in Huntington’s disease by targeting brain regions whose function is impaired. The aim of our single-blind, sham-controlled study was to collect rigorous evidence regarding the feasibility of neurofeedback training in Huntington’s disease by examining two different methods, activity and connectivity real-time functional MRI neurofeedback training. Thirty-two Huntington’s disease gene-carriers completed 16 runs of neurofeedback training, using an optimized real-time functional MRI protocol. Participants were randomized into four groups, two treatment groups, one receiving neurofeedback derived from the activity of the supplementary motor area, and another receiving neurofeedback based on the correlation of supplementary motor area and left striatum activity (connectivity neurofeedback training), and two sham control groups, matched to each of the treatment groups. We examined differences between the groups during neurofeedback training sessions and after training at follow-up sessions. Transfer of training was measured by measuring the participants’ ability to upregulate neurofeedback training target levels without feedback (near transfer), as well as by examining change in objective, a priori defined, behavioural measures of cognitive and psychomotor function (far transfer) before and at 2 months after training. We found that the treatment group had significantly higher neurofeedback training target levels during the training sessions compared to the control group. However, we did not find robust evidence of better transfer in the treatment group compared to controls, or a difference between the two neurofeedback training methods. We also did not find evidence in support of a relationship between change in cognitive and psychomotor function and learning success. We conclude that although there is evidence that neurofeedback training can be used to guide participants to regulate the activity and connectivity of specific regions in the brain, evidence regarding transfer of learning and clinical benefit was not robust.

scholarly journals Multimodal Imaging of Alzheimer Pathophysiology in the Brain's Default Mode Network

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonghan Shin ◽  
Vladimir Kepe ◽  
Gary W. Small ◽  
Michael E. Phelps ◽  
Jorge R. Barrio
Keyword(s):  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Default Network ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
The Brain

The spatial correlations between the brain's default mode network (DMN) and the brain regions known to develop pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have recently attracted much attention. In this paper, we compare results of different functional and structural imaging modalities, including MRI and PET, and highlight different patterns of anomalies observed within the DMN. Multitracer PET imaging in subjects with and without dementia has demonstrated that [C-11]PIB- and [F-18]FDDNP-binding patterns in patients with AD overlap within nodes of the brain's default network including the prefrontal, lateral parietal, lateral temporal, and posterior cingulate cortices, with the exception of the medial temporal cortex (especially, the hippocampus) where significant discrepancy between increased [F-18]FDDNP binding and negligible [C-11]PIB-binding was observed. [F-18]FDDNP binding in the medial temporal cortex—a key constituent of the DMN—coincides with both the presence of amyloid and tau pathology, and also with cortical areas with maximal atrophy as demonstrated by T1-weighted MR imaging of AD patients.

scholarly journals Functional MRI Assessment of Task-Induced Deactivation of the Default Mode Network in Alzheimer’s Disease and At-Risk Older Individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Pihlajamäki ◽  
Reisa A. Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Default Mode

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in old age, and is characterized by prominent impairment of episodic memory. Recent functional imaging studies in AD have demonstrated alterations in a distributed network of brain regions supporting memory function, including regions of the default mode network. Previous positron emission tomography studies of older individuals at risk for AD have revealed hypometabolism of association cortical regions similar to the metabolic abnormalities seen in AD patients. In recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of AD, corresponding brain default mode regions have also been found to demonstrate an abnormal fMRI task-induced deactivation response pattern. That is, the relative decreases in fMRI signal normally observed in the default mode regions in healthy subjects performing a cognitive task are not seen in AD patients, or may even be reversed to a paradoxical activation response. Our recent studies have revealed alterations in the pattern of deactivation also in elderly individuals at risk for AD by virtue of their APOE e4 genotype, or evidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In agreement with recent reports from other groups, these studies demonstrate that the pattern of fMRI task-induced deactivation is progressively disrupted along the continuum from normal aging to MCI and to clinical AD and more impaired in e4 carriers compared to non-carriers. These findings will be discussed in the context of current literature regarding functional imaging of the default network in AD and at-risk populations.

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