scholarly journals Information processing in the hemisphere of the cerebellar cortex for control of wrist movement

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeka Tomatsu ◽  
Takahiro Ishikawa ◽  
Yoshiaki Tsunoda ◽  
Jongho Lee ◽  
Donna S. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Wrist Movement ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Filtering Function ◽  
Peripheral Motor

A region of cerebellar lobules V and VI makes strong loop connections with the primary motor (M1) and premotor (PM) cortical areas and is assumed to play essential roles in limb motor control. To examine its functional role, we compared the activities of its input, intermediate, and output elements, i.e., mossy fibers (MFs), Golgi cells (GoCs), and Purkinje cells (PCs), in three monkeys performing wrist movements in two different forearm postures. The results revealed distinct steps of information processing. First, MF activities displayed temporal and directional properties that were remarkably similar to those of M1/PM neurons, suggesting that MFs relay near copies of outputs from these motor areas. Second, all GoCs had a stereotyped pattern of activity independent of movement direction or forearm posture. Instead, GoC activity resembled an average of all MF activities. Therefore, inhibitory GoCs appear to provide a filtering function that passes only prominently modulated MF inputs to granule cells. Third, PCs displayed highly complex spatiotemporal patterns of activity, with coordinate frames distinct from those of MF inputs and directional tuning that changed abruptly before movement onset. The complexity of PC activities may reflect rapidly changing properties of the peripheral motor apparatus during movement. Overall, the cerebellar cortex appears to transform a representation of outputs from M1/PM into different movement representations in a posture-dependent manner and could work as part of a forward model that predicts the state of the peripheral motor apparatus.

Afferent volleys in limb nerves influencing impulse discharges in cerebellar cortex I. In mossy fibers and granule cells

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Eccles ◽  
D. S. Faber ◽  
J. T. Murphy ◽  
N. H. Sabah ◽  
Helena Táboříková
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Afferent Volleys

scholarly journals Activity-Dependent Induction of Multitransmitter Signaling Onto Pyramidal Cells and Interneurons of Hippocampal Area CA3

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 3155-3167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Romo-Parra ◽  
Carmen Vivar ◽  
Jasmín Maqueda ◽  
Miguel A. Morales ◽  
Rafael Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Cholinergic Pathway ◽  
Hippocampal Area ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Area Ca3

The granule cells of the dentate gyrus (DG) are considered to be glutamatergic, but they contain glutamic acid decarboxylase, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), and the vesicular GABA transporter mRNA. Their expression is regulated in an activity-dependent manner and coincides with the appearance of GABAergic transmission from the mossy fibers (MF) to pyramidal cells in area CA3. These data support the hypothesis that MF are able to release glutamate and GABA. Following the principle that a given neuron releases the same neurotransmitter(s) onto all its targets, we here demonstrate the emergence, after a generalized convulsive seizure, of MF GABAergic signaling sensitive to activation mGluR-III onto pyramidal cells and interneurons of CA3. Despite this, excitation overrides inhibition in interneurons, preventing disinhibition. Furthermore, on blockade of GABA and glutamate ionotropic receptors, an M1-cholinergic depolarizing signal is also revealed in both targets, which postsynaptically modulates the glutamatergic and GABAergic fast neurotransmission. The emergence of these nonglutamatergic signals depends on protein synthesis. In contrast to cholinergic responses evoked by associational/commissural fibers activation, cholinergic transmission evoked by DG stimulation is only observed after seizures and is strongly depressed by the activation of mGluR-II, whereas both are depressed by M2-AChR activation. With immunohistological experiments, we show that this cholinergic pathway runs parallel to the MF. Thus seizures compromise a delicate balance of excitation and inhibition, on which a complex interaction of different neurotransmitters emerges to counteract excitation at pre- and postsynaptic sites. Particularly, MF GABAergic inhibition emerges to exert an overall inhibitory action on CA3.

scholarly journals Cerebellar implementation of movement sequences through feedback

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khilkevich ◽  
Juan Zambrano ◽  
Molly-Marie Richards ◽  
Michael Dean Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Eyelid Conditioning ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Stimulation Of

Most movements are not unitary, but are comprised of sequences. Although patients with cerebellar pathology display severe deficits in the execution and learning of sequences (Doyon et al., 1997; Shin and Ivry, 2003), most of our understanding of cerebellar mechanisms has come from analyses of single component movements. Eyelid conditioning is a cerebellar-mediated behavior that provides the ability to control and restrict inputs to the cerebellum through stimulation of mossy fibers. We utilized this advantage to test directly how the cerebellum can learn a sequence of inter-connected movement components in rabbits. We show that the feedback signals from one component are sufficient to serve as a cue for the next component in the sequence. In vivo recordings from Purkinje cells demonstrated that all components of the sequence were encoded similarly by cerebellar cortex. These results provide a simple yet general framework for how the cerebellum can use simple associate learning processes to chain together a sequence of appropriately timed responses.

scholarly journals Purkinje Cells Directly Inhibit Granule Cells in Specialized Regions of the Cerebellar Cortex

Neuron ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Guo ◽  
Laurens Witter ◽  
Stephanie Rudolph ◽  
Hunter L. Elliott ◽  
Katelin A. Ennis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cells
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