Interaction between fascicle and tendinous tissues in short-contact stretch-shortening cycle exercise with varying eccentric intensities

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ishikawa ◽  
E. Niemelä ◽  
P. V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Short Contact ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Braking Phase

The interaction between fascicle and tendinous tissues (TT) in short-contact drop jumps (DJ) with three different drop heights [low (Low), optimal (OP), and high (High)] was examined with 11 subjects. The ground reaction force (F z) and ankle and knee joint angles were measured together with real-time ultrasonography (fascicle length) and electromyographic activities of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles during the movement. With increasing drop height, the braking force and flight time increased from Low to OP ( P < 0.05). In High, the braking force increased but the flight time decreased compared with OP ( P < 0.05). During contact of Low and OP conditions, the length of muscle-tendon unit and TT underwent lengthening before shortening in both MG and VL muscles. However, the two muscles differed in the fascicle behaviors. The MG fascicles behaved isometrically or shortened, and the VL fascicles underwent lengthening before shortening during contact. In High, the TT lengthening in both muscles decreased compared with OP ( P < 0.05). The rapid stretch occurred in the MG fascicles but not in VL fascicles during the braking phase. The elastic recoil ratio decreased in both muscles with increasing the intensity during DJ. These findings demonstrated that TT underwent lengthening before shortening during DJ. However, the efficacy of elastic recoil decreased with increasing the drop intensity. The effective catapult action in TT can be limited by the drop intensity. In addition, the measured muscles behaved differently during DJ, providing evidence that each muscle may have a specific means of fascicle-TT interaction.

Effects of different dropping intensities on fascicle and tendinous tissue behavior during stretch-shortening cycle exercise

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 848-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ishikawa ◽  
Paavo V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Stretch Shortening Cycle ◽  
Braking Phase ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

This study examined whether the elasticity of the tendinous tissues plays an important role in human locomotion by improving the power output and efficiency of skeletal muscle. Ten subjects performed one-leg drop jumps (DJ) from different dropping heights with a constant rebound height. The fascicle length of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured by using real-time ultrasonography during DJ. In the braking phase of the DJ, fascicle lengthening decreased and the tendinous tissue lengthening increased with increased dropping intensity. In the subsequent push-off phase, the shortening of tendinous tissues increased with higher dropping intensity. The averaged electromyographic activities of the preactivation and braking phases increased and those of the push-off phase decreased as the drop height was increased. With higher dropping height but constant submaximal rebound jump, the stretched tendinous tissue length increased with less stretched fascicle during the braking phase. In the subsequent push-off phase, the recoil of tendinous tissues became greater. These results suggest that the increased prestretch intensity has considerable influence on the process of storage and subsequent recoil of the elastic energy during the stretch-shortening cycle action.

Intensity- and muscle-specific fascicle behavior during human drop jumps

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 382-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sousa ◽  
M. Ishikawa ◽  
J. P. Vilas-Boas ◽  
P. V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Length Change ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Synergistic Muscles ◽  
Braking Phase ◽  
Whole Muscle ◽  
Specific Length

The present study was designed to examine fascicle-tendon interaction in the synergistic medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (Sol) muscles during drop jumps (DJ) performed from different drop heights (DH). Eight subjects performed unilateral DJ with maximal rebounds on a sledge apparatus from different DH. During the exercises, fascicle lengths (using ultrasonography) and electromyographic activities were recorded. The results showed that the fascicles of the MG and Sol muscles behaved differently during the contact phase, but the whole muscle-tendon unit and its tendinous tissue lengthened before shortening in both muscles. The Sol fascicles also lengthened before shortening during the ground contact in all conditions. During the braking phase, the Sol activation increased with increasing DH. However, the amplitude of Sol fascicle lengthening was not dependent on DH during the same phase. In the MG muscle, the fascicles primarily shortened during the braking phase in the lower DH condition. However, in the higher DH conditions, the MG fascicles either behaved isometrically or were lengthened during the braking phase. These results suggest that the fascicles of synergistic muscles (MG and Sol) can behave differently during DJ and that, with increasing DH, there may be specific length change patterns of the fascicles of MG but not of Sol.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular Strategies in Stretch–Shortening Exercises with Increasing Drop Heights: The Role of Muscle Coactivation in Leg Stiffness and Power Propulsion

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8647
Author(s):  
Riccardo Di Giminiani ◽  
Aldo Giovannelli ◽  
Lorenzo Capuano ◽  
Pascal Izzicupo ◽  
Andrea Di Blasio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Drop Height ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Leg Stiffness ◽  
Braking Phase

When applying drop jump exercises, knowing the magnitude of the stimulus is fundamental to stabilize the leg joints and to generate movements with the highest power. The effects of different drop heights on leg muscles coactivation, leg stiffness and power propulsion were investigated in fifteen sport science students. Drop jumps from heights of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm in a random order were performed on a force platform. During each drop jump, the ground reaction force, knee angle displacement, and synchronized surface-electromyography root-mean-square (sEMGRMS) activity (vastus lateralis, VL; vastus medialis, VM; rectus femoris, RF; biceps femoris, BF; tibialis anterior, TA and lateral gastrocnemius, LG) were recorded. The coactivation in the pre-contact phase, between VL and BF, VM and BF as well as RF and BF, was dependent on the drop height (p < 0.01; effect size (ES) ranged from 0.45 to 0.90). Leg stiffness was dependent on the drop height (p < 0.001; ES = 0.27–0.28) and was modulated by the coactivation of VM–BF (p = 0.034) and RF–BF (p = 0.046) during the braking phase. Power propulsion was also dependent on the drop height (p < 0.001; ES = 0.34); however, it was primarily modulated by the coactivation of LG–TA during the braking phase (p = 0.002). The coactivation of thigh muscles explains leg stiffness adjustments at different drop heights. On the contrary, the coactivation of shank muscles is mostly responsible for the power propulsion.

scholarly journals Muscle-tendon interaction and elastic energy usage in human walking

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ishikawa ◽  
Paavo V. Komi ◽  
Michael J. Grey ◽  
Vesa Lepola ◽  
Gert-Peter Bruggemann
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Length Changes

The present study was designed to explore how the interaction between the fascicles and tendinous tissues is involved in storage and utilization of elastic energy during human walking. Eight male subjects walked with a natural cadence (1.4 ± 0.1 m/s) on a 10-m-long force plate system. In vivo techniques were employed to record the Achilles tendon force and to scan real-time fascicle lengths for two muscles (medial gastrocnemius and soleus). The results showed that tendinous tissues of both medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles lengthened slowly throughout the single-stance phase and then recoiled rapidly close to the end of the ground contact. However, the fascicle length changes demonstrated different patterns and amplitudes between two muscles. The medial gastrocnemius fascicles were stretched during the early single-stance phase and then remained isometrically during the late-stance phase. In contrast, the soleus fascicles were lengthened until the end of the single-stance phase. These findings suggest that the elastic recoil takes place not as a spring-like bouncing but as a catapult action in natural human walking. The interaction between the muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues plays an important role in the process of release of elastic energy, although the leg muscles, which are commonly accepted as synergists, do not have similar mechanical behavior of fascicles in this catapult action.

The role of the stretch reflex in the gastrocnemius muscle during human locomotion at various speeds

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1030-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ishikawa ◽  
P. V. Komi
Keyword(s):  
Stretch Reflex ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Braking Phase

In the present study, the fascicle length ( Lfa) of the human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was monitored to evaluate possible input from the short-latency stretch reflex (SLR) during the stance phase of running and to examine its timing at various running speeds. Eight subjects ran at 2.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m/s. The Lfa was measured with the high-speed ultrasound fascicle scanning together with kinematics and myoelectrical activities. The amplitudes and onset latency of SLR activities were determined. During ground contact, the sudden MG fascicle stretch occurred during the early contact at all running speeds. This was followed by the fascicle shortening. The timing of fascicle stretch depended on running speed and type of foot contact. In slower speed conditions (2.0, 3.5, 5 m/s), the MG fascicle stretch and the corresponding SLR activities occurred during the middle of the braking phase. In fast-speed running (6.5 m/s), however, the MG fascicle stretch occurred later compared with the lower speed. The corresponding SLR activities occurred significantly later at the end of the braking phase. In addition to the clear demonstration of the different timings of SLR in MG during ground contact of running, the results imply that the role of the MG SLR during the stance phase of running can be different between fast- and slow-speed running conditions.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Vastus Lateralis Architecture and Biomechanical Characteristics during Drop Landing in Young Football Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
Jong-Hak Lee ◽  
Ho-Seong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Drop Landing ◽  
Maximum Flexion Angle

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the vastus lateralis (VL) architecture and exercise biomechanics indices during drop landing in young football players.METHODS: Fifteen young football players were divided into a long vastus lateralis muscle fascicle length group (LFG, n=8) and short vastus lateralis muscle fascicle length group (SFG, n=7). All of the participants performed drop landing onto the ground reaction force plate from a platform 30 cm high. The muscle activities of the VL, tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GCM), angular velocity, and ground reaction force in the ankle, knee, and hip joints were measured during drop landing.RESULTS: The VL muscle activity (<i>p</i>=.032), ankle ground contact angle (<i>p</i>=.027), ankle maximum flexion angle (<i>p</i>=.014), knee maximum flexion angle (<i>p</i>=.007), and ground reaction force per body weight (<i>p</i>=.032) were significantly higher in the LFG than in the SFG. Muscle activity of the TA (<i>p</i>=.017), ankle (<i>p</i>=.033), and hip (<i>p</i>=.045) time to stability and the ground reaction force time to stability (<i>p</i>=.043) were significantly lower in the LFG than in the SFG. Muscle activity of the GCM (<i>p</i>=.053) and knee time to stability (<i>p</i>=.057) tended to be lower in the LFG than in the SFG.CONCLUSIONS: These results confirmed that muscle activity, angular velocity, and ground reaction force variables during drop landing are affected by the VL muscle fascicle length in young football players.

scholarly journals The Importance of Lean Body Mass for the Rate of Force Development in Taekwondo Athletes and Track and Field Throwers

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Kavvoura ◽  
Nikolaos Zaras ◽  
Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki ◽  
Giannis Arnaoutis ◽  
Spyridon Methenitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Force Development ◽  
The Relationship

The rate of force development (RFD) is vital for power athletes. Lean body mass (LBM) is considered to be an essential contributor to RFD, nevertheless high RFD may be achieved by athletes with either high or low LBM. The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between lower-body LBM and RFD, and to compare RFD in taekwondo athletes and track and field (T&F) throwers, the latter having higher LBM when compared to taekwondo athletes. Nine taekwondo athletes and nine T&F throwers were evaluated for countermovement jumping, isometric leg press and leg extension RFD, vastus lateralis (VL), and medial gastrocnemius muscle architecture and body composition. Lower body LBM was correlated with RFD 0–250 ms (r = 0.81, p = 0.016). Taekwondo athletes had lower LBM and jumping power per LBM. RFD was similar between groups at 30–50 ms, but higher for throwers at 80–250 ms. RFD adjusted for VL thickness was higher in taekwondo athletes at 30 ms, but higher in throwers at 200–250 ms. These results suggest that lower body LBM is correlated with RFD in power trained athletes. RFD adjusted for VL thickness might be more relevant to evaluate in power athletes with low LBM, while late RFD might be more relevant to evaluate in athletes with higher LBM.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Latihan Plyometrics terhadap Hasil Tolakan Start pada Olahraga Renang

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Rubiansyah ◽  
Agus Rusdiana ◽  
Raden Boyke Mulyana
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
T Test ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
T Score ◽  
Block Time

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh latihan plyometrics terhadap hasil tolakan start dalam olahraga renang terutama pada block time phase. Sampel diambil sebanyak delapan orang atlet putra dari UKM AQUATIK UPI dengan menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan eksperimental one group pretest posttest desingn. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan Digital-Kamera sebanyak dua kali pada saat pretest dan pada saat postest. Test terdiri atas tiga jenis phase yaitu block time phase, flight time phase, dan glide time phase. Tahap yang diukur adalah teknik grab start meliputi data tolakan start  terutama pada block time phase. Masing-masing tahap penilaian pada block time phase yaitu jarak tempuh, kecepatan rotasi sendi lutut, impuls, leg power, ground reaction force (GRF). Kemudian data berupa rekaman di input menggunakan software frame dias IV. Perhitungan statistik menggunakan SPSS dengan sub menu Independent Sample T-test. Uji hipotesis keseluruhan digabungkan dengan T-Score t = 21,903, p = 0,000 < 0,05 maka Ho ditolak, artinya Terdapat pengaruh yang nyata (signifikan) Setelah dilakukan analisis data diperoleh nilai (p) < 0,05. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh latihan plyometrics terhadap hasil tolakan start dalam olahraga renang terutama pada block time phase

scholarly journals BIOMECHANICS OF SHOD AND BAREFOOT RUNNING: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-557
Author(s):  
Vitória da Silveira Jahn ◽  
Clara Knierim Correia ◽  
Elisa Dell’Antonio ◽  
Luis Mochizuki ◽  
Caroline Ruschel
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Barefoot Running ◽  
Foot Strike ◽  
General Studies

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze and summarize the biomechanical (kinematics, kinetics and neuromuscular) differences between shod and barefoot running, through a literature review. Searches were conducted for complete articles published between 2013 and November 2018 in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTdiscus databases. The search terms used were Biomechanics, Kinetics, Kinematics, Electromyography, “Surface Electromyography”; and Unshod, Barefoot, Barefeet and Running. The search resulted in 687 articles; after excluding duplicates and selecting by title, abstract and full text, 40 articles were included in the review. The results show that there are important differences in the biomechanics of running when shod or barefoot. In general, studies indicate that in barefoot running: a) individuals present forefoot or midfoot foot strike patterns, while in shod running the typical pattern is the rearfoot strike; (b) greater cadence and shorter stride length are observed; and (c) there is greater knee flexion, lower peak vertical ground reaction force and greater activation of the medial gastrocnemius. In addition, barefoot runners contact the ground with greater plantar flexion, possibly as a strategy to reduce impact when stepping without footwear. These differences, as well as runners’ individual characteristics, should be considered in the prescription of the barefoot running, in order to minimize injuries resulting from the practice. Level of Evidence II; Review.

Biomechanical Comparison in Different Jumping Tasks Between Untrained Boys and Men

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savvas N. Lazaridis ◽  
Eleni I. Bassa ◽  
Dimitrios Patikas ◽  
Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas ◽  
Filippos K. Lazaridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Braking Phase

This study examines the biomechanical differences during different vertical jump tasks in 12 prepubescent and 12 adult males. The sagittal knee kinematics, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of 5 lower extremity muscles were recorded. Compared with boys, men presented higher peak vGRF during the propulsive phase in all examined jumps, but lower values during the braking phase, even when related to body mass. Normalized EMG agonist activity in all phases was higher in men (p < .05), while antagonist coactivation was enhanced in boys (p < .05). The knee joint was on average 9 degrees more flexed at touchdown in men during drop jump tasks, but boys exhibited 12 degrees and 17 degrees higher knee flexion at the deepest point when performing drop jump from 20 and 40 cm, respectively. In conclusion, the performance deficit observed in boys in all jump types is a reflection of their immature technique, which could be partly attributed to the less efficient stiffness regulation and activation of their neuromuscular system.

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