scholarly journals Paralytic and nonparalytic muscle adaptations to exercise training versus high-protein diet in individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceren Yarar-Fisher ◽  
Keith F. L. Polston ◽  
Mualla Eraslan ◽  
Kathryn Y. Henley ◽  
Gizem I. Kinikli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Cord Injury

This study compares the effects of an 8-wk isocaloric high-protein (HP) diet versus a combination exercise (Comb-Ex) regimen on paralytic vastus lateralis (VL) and nonparalytic deltoid muscle in individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury (SCI). Fiber-type distribution, cross-sectional area (CSA), levels of translation initiation signaling proteins (Erk-1/2, Akt, p70S6K1, 4EBP1, RPS6, and FAK), and lean thigh mass were analyzed at baseline and after the 8-wk interventions. A total of 11 participants (C5-T12 levels, 21.8 ± 6.3 yr postinjury; 6 Comb-Ex and 5 HP diet) completed the study. Comb-Ex training occurred 3 days/wk and consisted of upper body resistance training (RT) in addition to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-induced-RT for paralytic VL muscle. Strength training was combined with high-intensity arm-cranking exercises (1-min intervals at 85–90%, V̇o2peak) for improving cardiovascular endurance. For the HP diet intervention, protein and fat each comprised 30%, and carbohydrate comprised 40% of total energy. Clinical tests and muscle biopsies were performed 24 h before and after the last exercise or diet session. The Comb-Ex intervention increased Type IIa myofiber distribution and CSA in VL muscle and Type I and IIa myofiber CSA in deltoid muscle. In addition, Comb-Ex increased lean thigh mass, V̇o2peak, and upper body strength ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that exercise training is required to promote favorable changes in paralytic and nonparalytic muscles in individuals with long-standing SCI, and adequate dietary protein consumption alone may not be sufficient to ameliorate debilitating effects of paralysis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to directly compare the effects of an isocaloric high-protein diet and combination exercise training on clinical and molecular changes in paralytic and nonparalytic muscles of individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury. Our results demonstrated that muscle growth and fiber-type alterations can best be achieved when the paralyzed muscle is sufficiently loaded via neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced resistance training.

scholarly journals A high-protein diet or combination exercise training to improve metabolic health in individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury: a pilot randomized study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (16) ◽  
pp. e13813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Keith F. L. Polston ◽  
Mualla Eraslan ◽  
C. Scott Bickel ◽  
Samuel T. Windham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals Effects of aerobic exercise training on muscle plasticity in a mouse model of cervical spinal cord injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isley Jesus ◽  
Pauline Michel-Flutot ◽  
Therese B. Deramaudt ◽  
Alexia Paucard ◽  
Valentin Vanhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Cord Injury

AbstractCervical spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent life-altering motor and respiratory deficits. Other than mechanical ventilation for respiratory insufficiency secondary to cervical SCI, effective treatments are lacking and the development of animal models to explore new therapeutic strategies are needed. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a mouse model of partial cervical spinal hemisection at the second cervical metameric segment (C2) to investigate the impact of 6 weeks training on forced exercise wheel system on locomotor/respiratory plasticity muscles. To measure run capacity locomotor and respiratory functions, incremental exercise tests and diaphragmatic electromyography were done. In addition, muscle fiber type composition and capillary distribution were assessed at 51 days following chronic C2 injury in diaphragm, extensor digitorum communis (EDC), tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles. Six-week exercise training increased the running capacity of trained SCI mice. Fiber type composition in EDC, TA and SOL muscles was not modified by our protocol of exercise. The vascularization was increased in all muscle limbs in SCI trained group. No increase in diaphragmatic electromyography amplitude of the diaphragm muscle on the side of SCI was observed, while the contraction duration was significantly decreased in sedentary group compared to trained group. Cross-sectional area of type IIa myofiber in the contralateral diaphragm side of SCI was smaller in trained group. Fiber type distribution between contralateral and ipsilateral diaphragm in SCI sedentary group was affected, while no difference was observed in trained group. In addition, the vascularization of the diaphragm side contralateral to SCI was increased in trained group. All these results suggest an increase in fatigue resistance and a contribution to the running capacity in SCI trained group. Our exercise protocol could be a promising non-invasive strategy to sustain locomotor and respiratory muscle plasticity following SCI.

scholarly journals Exercise Training Promotes Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Fu ◽  
Hongxing Wang ◽  
Lingxiao Deng ◽  
Jianan Li
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Effector Organ

The exercise training is an effective therapy for spinal cord injury which has been applied to clinic. Traditionally, the exercise training has been considered to improve spinal cord function only through enhancement, compensation, and replacement of the remaining function of nerve and muscle. Recently, accumulating evidences indicated that exercise training can improve the function in different levels from end-effector organ such as skeletal muscle to cerebral cortex through reshaping skeletal muscle structure and muscle fiber type, regulating physiological and metabolic function of motor neurons in the spinal cord and remodeling function of the cerebral cortex. We compiled published data collected in different animal models and clinical studies into a succinct review of the current state of knowledge.

scholarly journals Obstacles and Possibilities for Participation in Sport after Spinal Cord Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (88) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kęstutis Skučas
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Athletic Identity ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Disabled Persons ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Motor Disorder ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Cord Injury

Research background and hypothesis. Studies have shown that persons after spinal cord injury rarely continue participating in sport (Stryker, Burke, 2000; Hanson, Nabavi, 2001; Stephan, Brewer, 2007). This could be caused by the obstacles that the persons face due to the motor disorder after spinal cord injury (Wu, Williams, 2001; Tasiemski et al., 2004). Hypothesis: persons with spinal cord injury while being involved in disabled sport face the same problems irrespectively of gender. Research aim was to determine the obstacles and possibilities for involvement and participation in sport after spinal cord injury.Research methods. The questionnaire method was used to collect sport participation data (Tasiemski et al., 2004) and determine socialization agents of persons after spinal cord injury (Williams, 1994). The athletic identity assessment scale (Brewer, Cornelius, 2002) was used in the research. Research results. Data showed that the majority of the subjects after spinal cord injury were not involved in sport; 11.9% did sports 1 hour per week, 13.2% – 2–3 hours per week, 10.6% – more than 6 hours per week. The value of athletic identity of paraplegic subjects was equal to 23 points, and that of tetraplegic subjects – 18 points (statistically significant data difference between the two groups when p < 0.05). It was found that athletic identity value of men after spinal cord injury (22 points) was statistically significantly higher compared to that of women (16 points, p < 0.05). Lack of adapted sport facilities – 49.6%, equipment – 53.2%, coaches – 48.4% and financial resources – 42.0% proved to be the major obstacles to participate in sport for persons after spinal cord injury.    Discussion and conclusions. According to the research, only a minority of persons after spinal cord injury identified  themselves  as  athletes.  It  was  found  that  the  main  social  agents  involving  disabled  persons  into  the mainstream of sport were other disabled persons, rehabilitation and physical therapists, coaches and other sports professionals.  Persons  after  spinal  cord  injury  believed  that  the  main  reasons  of  non-participation  in  sport  was lack  of  information  about  disabled  sport,  also  lack  of  sports  equipment,  financial  problems    and  lack  of  sports professionals. Most persons after spinal cord injury participated or would participate in sport with the aim of getting fit, strengthening the upper body part, socializing, feeling the joy of life. The majority of results of the study were similar to the results of other researchers (Tasiemski et al., 2004) who analyzed disabled persons’ problems while involving in sport.Keywords: involvement in disabled sport, athletic identity, social agents.

scholarly journals Exercise training modulates glutamic acid decarboxylase-65/67 expression through TrkB signaling to ameliorate neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 174480692092451
Author(s):  
Xiangzhe Li ◽  
Qinghua Wang ◽  
Jie Ding ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Chuanming Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Tropomyosin Related Kinase B ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65

Neuropathic pain is one of the most frequently stated complications after spinal cord injury. In post-spinal cord injury, the decrease of gamma aminobutyric acid synthesis within the distal spinal cord is one of the main causes of neuropathic pain. The predominant research question of this study was whether exercise training may promote the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67, which are key enzymes of gamma aminobutyric acid synthesis, within the distal spinal cord through tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, as its synthesis assists to relieve neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Animal experiment was conducted, and all rats were allocated into five groups: Sham group, SCI/PBS group, SCI-TT/PBS group, SCI/tropomyosin-related kinase B-IgG group, and SCI-TT/tropomyosin-related kinase B-IgG group, and then T10 contusion SCI model was performed as well as the tropomyosin-related kinase B-IgG was used to block the tropomyosin-related kinase B activation. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were used for assessing pain-related behaviors. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin-related kinase B, CREB, p-REB, glutamic acid decarboxylase-65, and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 within the distal spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the distribution of CREB, p-CREB, glutamic acid decarboxylase-65, and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 within the distal spinal cord dorsal horn. The results showed that exercise training could significantly mitigate the mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in post-spinal cord injury and increase the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tropomyosin-related kinase B, CREB, p-CREB, glutamic acid decarboxylase-65, and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 within the distal spinal cord. After the tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling was blocked, the analgesic effect of exercise training was inhibited, and in the SCI-TT/tropomyosin-related kinase B-IgG group, the synthesis of CREB, p-CREB, glutamic acid decarboxylase-65, and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 within the distal spinal cord were also significantly reduced compared with the SCI-TT/PBS group. This study shows that exercise training may increase the glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 and glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 expression within the spinal cord dorsal horn through the tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, and this mechanism may play a vital role in relieving the neuropathic pain of rats caused by incomplete SCI.

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