scholarly journals A mathematical modeling approach to risk assessment for normal and anemic women chronically exposed to carbon monoxide from biomass-fueled cookstoves

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene N. Bruce ◽  
Margaret C. Bruce ◽  
Kinnera Erupaka-Chada
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Anemia ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Physiologic Responses ◽  
Significant Health

In developing countries, the chronic exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) from biomass-fueled cookstoves may pose a significant health risk for women who use these stoves, especially for those with underlying clinical conditions that impair tissue oxygenation, e.g., anemia and coronary artery disease. CO concentrations measured in the vicinity of these cookstoves often exceed World Health Organization (WHO) indoor air guidelines for an 8-h average (9 ppm) and a 1-h maximum (26 ppm). Carboxyhemoglobin levels, reported infrequently because they are difficult to obtain, often exceed the WHO threshold of 2.5%. Despite this evidence, specific adverse effects have not yet been linked with chronic CO exposures in these women. Furthermore, anemia, which is prevalent in populations that use biomass fuels, could exacerbate the adverse effects of chronic CO exposure. Because of the difficulties inherent in conducting prospective studies to address this issue, we used a mathematical model to calculate the effects of reported CO levels and exercise on carboxyhemoglobin for women living in 1) Guatemalan villages at altitudes of 4,429–4,593 ft, and 2) coastal villages in Pakistan. In addition, we used the model to calculate the effects of CO exposures in women with moderate to severe anemia on specific physiological parameters (carboxyhemoglobin, carboxymyoglobin, cardiac output, and tissue Po2) at exercise levels representing the activities in which these women would be engaged. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of using a mathematical model to predict the physiologic responses to CO and also demonstrate that chronic anemia is a critically important determinant of CO toxicity in these women.

Chemistry of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM): A Minireview

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maithili Pramod Joshi ◽  
Ameya Chaudhari ◽  
Prashant S. Kharkar ◽  
Shreerang V. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Aqueous Solubility ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Health Organization

: Historically, the use of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) for diagnostic purposes, particularly radiography and computed tomography (CT), is well-known. Many of the ICM are included in the World Health Organization (WHO)’s List of Essential Medicines. Depending on the chemotype and the presence of ionizable functional group(s), the ICM are categorized in the ionic/nonionic monomers/dimers. The lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, viscosity and osmolality are major characteristics dictating their use for one procedure versus the other. Over last several decades, substantial advancement occurred in the design and development of novel ICM, solely to reduce their propensity to cause adverse effects. Given the nature of their acute usage, some of the agents with appreciable toxicity are still used. Understanding their chemistry aspects is crucial to appreciate, acknowledge and justify the usage of these extremely important torch-bearers of diagnostic agent’s class. The present review article presents an in-depth overview of the synthetic methods, therapeutic indications, potential adverse effects along with the commercial and environmental aspects of ICM. The safety and tolerability of these agents is a field that has gained significant importance, which is given due importance in the discussion.

scholarly journals Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Contains of Motorcycles: Metro Dumaguete, Philippines

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narcisa T. Morallo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
World Health ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), almost 98% of low and middle-income countries’ air fail to meet the United Nations (UN) body’s standards. Data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) revealed the Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in Metro Manila during the first quarter of 2015 reached 130 micrograms per normal cubic meter (ug/Ncm). The maximum safe level is 90 ug/Ncm. Since 80% of pollution load is contributed by vehicles, the study determined the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) during the smoke emission testing of motorcycles in Metro Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Random sampling and simple average formula were utilized in the study. Using the smoke test results from January to February 2015, it was found out that the average amount of CO is 1.45 µg/cm which is very low compared to DENR standard exposure value of 35 ug/cm for one hour and 10 µg/cm for 8-hour exposure. Also, the average amount of HC is 600.26 ppm which is low compared to DENR’s maximum set value of 4500ppm to 6500 ppm. Current findings indicate that the amount of CO of motorcycle emissions is insignificant while HC is low as compared to the standard value. 

scholarly journals Issuances of Automotive Vehicles and the Impacts on Air Quality in the Largest City in the Brazilian Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cartaxo ◽  
Ilsa Valois ◽  
Vladimiro Miranda ◽  
Marcia Costa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Manaus, a city of more than two million people, suffers problems arising from strong sunlight and aggravated by several factors, such as traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions generated by evaporation and burning of fuel. The present study examined Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) emissions in an urban area of the city using different methodologies. CO and NO2 were measured using automated and passive analyzers, respectively. Meanwhile, direct monitoring of these pollutants was performed in vehicular sources in the vicinity of sampling locations. Results showed that levels of carbon monoxide vary over time, being higher during peak movement of vehicles. NO2 values have exceeded the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and monitoring at source showed high levels of CO and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, and Optimal Control of the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira Rachah ◽  
Delfim F. M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Shooting ◽  
Multiple Shooting Method ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
The Impact

The Ebola virus is currently one of the most virulent pathogens for humans. The latest major outbreak occurred in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in 2014. With the aim of understanding the spread of infection in the affected countries, it is crucial to modelize the virus and simulate it. In this paper, we begin by studying a simple mathematical model that describes the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia. Then, we use numerical simulations and available data provided by the World Health Organization to validate the obtained mathematical model. Moreover, we develop a new mathematical model including vaccination of individuals. We discuss different cases of vaccination in order to predict the effect of vaccination on the infected individuals over time. Finally, we apply optimal control to study the impact of vaccination on the spread of the Ebola virus. The optimal control problem is solved numerically by using a direct multiple shooting method.

scholarly journals Incidence of first stroke and ethnic differences in stroke pattern in Bradford, UK: Bradford Stroke Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraman Ramadan ◽  
Chris Patterson ◽  
Stuart Maguire ◽  
Ian Melvin ◽  
Kirti Kain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Large Artery ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Background Information on ethnic disparities in stroke between White and Pakistani population in Europe is scarce. Bradford District has the largest proportion of Pakistani people in England; this provides a unique opportunity to study the difference in stroke between the two major ethnic groups. Aim To determine the first-ever-stroke incidence and examine the disparities in stroke patterns between Whites and Pakistanis in Bradford. Methods Prospective 12 months study consisting of 273,327 adults (≥18 years) residents. Stroke cases were identified by multiple overlapping approaches. Results In the study period, 541 first-ever-strokes were recorded. The crude incidence rate was 198 per 100,000 person-years. Age adjusted-standardized rate to the World Health Organization world population of first-ever-stroke is 155 and 101 per 100,000 person-years in Pakistanis and Whites respectively. Four hundred and thirty-eight patients (81%) were Whites, 83 (15.3%) were Pakistanis, 11 (2%) were Indian and Bangladeshis, and 9 (1.7%) were of other ethnic origin. Pakistanis were significantly younger and had more obesity ( p = 0.049), and diabetes mellitus (DM) ( p = <0.001). They were less likely to suffer from atrial fibrillation ( p = <0.001), be ex- or current smokers ( p = <0.001), and drink alcohol above the recommended level ( p = 0.007) compared with Whites. In comparison with Whites, higher rates of age-adjusted stroke (1.5-fold), lacunar infarction (threefold), and ischemic infarction due to large artery disease (twofold) were found in the Pakistanis. Conclusions The incidence of first-ever-stroke is higher in the Pakistanis compared with the Whites in Bradford, UK. Etiology and vascular risk factors vary between the ethnic groups. This information should be considered when investigating stroke etiology, and when planning prevention and care provision to improve outcomes after stroke.

scholarly journals High-performance Cardiovascular Medicine: Artificial Intelligence for Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M.K.K.M.B. Herath ◽  
G.M.K.B. Karunasena ◽  
H.D.N.S. Priyankara ◽  
B.G.D.A. Madhusanka
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is identified as the leading cause of death globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Approximately 17.9 million people are dying due to cardiovascular disease, which is an estimation of 31% of all deaths worldwide. CVDs are generally affecting the heart and blood vessels in the human body. Since healthcare is an essential factor for a country and its economy, researchers are looking for solutions to predict disease before getting into serious problems. This research introduces a method to development of an algorithm to predict coronary artery disease based on artificial intelligence. The algorithm was tested with 72 random subjects, which covered 11 attributes such as age, gender, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose, smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activities. According to the results, the prediction accuracy of the system was 81.62% at 0.879 precision.

scholarly journals A Deep Learning Approach to Detect COVID-19 Patients from Chest X-ray Images

AI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-435
Author(s):  
Khandaker Haque ◽  
Ahmed Abdelgawad
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Health Organization

Deep Learning has improved multi-fold in recent years and it has been playing a great role in image classification which also includes medical imaging. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been performing well in detecting many diseases including coronary artery disease, malaria, Alzheimer’s disease, different dental diseases, and Parkinson’s disease. Like other cases, CNN has a substantial prospect in detecting COVID-19 patients with medical images like chest X-rays and CTs. Coronavirus or COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 8 August 2020, the total COVID-19 confirmed cases are 19.18 M and deaths are 0.716 M worldwide. Detecting Coronavirus positive patients is very important in preventing the spread of this virus. On this conquest, a CNN model is proposed to detect COVID-19 patients from chest X-ray images. Two more CNN models with different number of convolution layers and three other models based on pretrained ResNet50, VGG-16 and VGG-19 are evaluated with comparative analytical analysis. All six models are trained and validated with Dataset 1 and Dataset 2. Dataset 1 has 201 normal and 201 COVID-19 chest X-rays whereas Dataset 2 is comparatively larger with 659 normal and 295 COVID-19 chest X-ray images. The proposed model performs with an accuracy of 98.3% and a precision of 96.72% with Dataset 2. This model gives the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve area of 0.983 and F1-score of 98.3 with Dataset 2. Moreover, this work shows a comparative analysis of how change in convolutional layers and increase in dataset affect classifying performances.

scholarly journals Adherence to Immunization: Rebuttal of Vaccine Hesitancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tamar Etzioni-Friedman ◽  
Amos Etzioni
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Vaccines

Immunizations have been saving the lives of millions of people since they were first used by Edward Jenner in 1796, and new vaccines are being developed all the time. Hopefully, a new vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will be developed in the near future, and perhaps even one for human immunodeficiency virus. Although the effectiveness of vaccinations has been proven over the years and adverse effects to currently available vaccinations are extremely rare, many people continue to defer immunizations for themselves and their families. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this phenomenon, known as “vaccine hesitancy,” is a major public health problem globally. This review summarizes the unproven adverse effects of various vaccines and stresses the importance of enforcing vaccination policies to minimize vaccine hesitancy. Every effort should be made to improve existing vaccines and to produce new ones, according to carefully designed scientific preclinical and clinical trials. This is particularly important in today’s era, in light of the global transparency regarding vaccination development, and the potential for future pandemics such as COVID-19.

Anti-Ophidian Properties of Herbal Medicinal Plants: Could it be a Remedy for Snake Bite Envenomation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhamay Panda ◽  
Leena Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Herbal Medicinal ◽  
Health Organization

Snake bite envenoming causes high rates of morbidity and mortality and is one of the serious health-related concerns all over the globe. Around 3200 species of snakes have been discovered till date. Amid these species, about 1300 species of snakes are venomous. On account of its severity, World Health Organization (WHO) recently included snakebite envenoming in the list of neglected tropical diseases. Immunotherapy has partially solved the issues related to snakebite envenomation. However, it is associated with numerous adverse effects, due to which alternative treatment strategies are required for the treatment of snakebite. Traditionally, a large repository of herbal medicinal plants is known to possess activity against snake venom. An exploration of the therapeutic benefits of these medicinal plants used for the treatment of snakebites reveals the presence of various potential phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to provide an outline regarding poisonous snakes all over the world, various compositions of snake venom, adverse effects related to anti-snake venom and numerous medicinal plants used for the anti-ophidian activity.

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