Region-specific ontogeny of α-2,6-sialyltransferase during normal and cortisone-induced maturation in mouse intestine

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (3) ◽  
pp. G480-G490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingwei Dai ◽  
N. Nanda Nanthakumar ◽  
Tor C. Savidge ◽  
David S. Newburg ◽  
W. Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Regional Specificity ◽  
Microvillus Membrane ◽  
Mouse Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Regional differences in the ontogeny of mouse intestinal α-2,6-sialyltransferase activities (α-2,6-ST) and the influence of cortisone acetate (CA) on this expression were determined. High ST activity and α-2,6-ST mRNA levels were detected in immature small and large intestine, with activity increasing distally from the duodenum. As the mice matured, ST activity (predominantly α-2,6-ST) in the small intestine decreased rapidly to adult levels by the fourth postnatal week. CA precociously accelerated this region-specific ontogenic decline. A similar decline of ST mRNA levels reflected ST activity in the small, but not the large, intestine. Small intestinal sialyl α-2,6-linked glycoconjugates displayed similar developmental and CA induced-precocious declines when probed using Sambucus nigraagglutinin (SNA) lectin. SNA labeling demonstrated age-dependent diminished sialyl α2,6 glycoconjugate expression in goblet cells in the small (but not large) intestine, but no such regional specificity was apparent in microvillus membrane. This suggests differential regulation of sialyl α-2,6 glycoconjugates in absorptive vs. globlet cells. These age-dependent and region-specific differences in sialyl α-2,6 glycoconjugates may be mediated in part by altered α-2,6-ST gene expression regulated by trophic factors such as glucocorticoids.

Identification and localization of extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor in rat intestine

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (1) ◽  
pp. G122-G130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naibedya Chattopadhyay ◽  
Ivan Cheng ◽  
Kimberly Rogers ◽  
Daniela Riccardi ◽  
Amy Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

The extracellular calcium ([Formula: see text])-sensing receptor (CaR) plays vital roles in [Formula: see text] homeostasis, but no data are available on its expression in small and large intestine. Polymerase chain reaction products amplified from reverse-transcribed duodenal RNA using CaR-specific primers showed >99% homology with the rat kidney CaR. Northern analysis with a CaR-specific cRNA probe demonstrated 4.1- and 7.5-kb transcripts in all intestinal segments. Immunohistochemistry with CaR-specific antisera showed clear basal staining of epithelial cells of small intestinal villi and crypts and modest apical staining of the former, whereas there was both basal and apical staining of colonic crypt epithelial cells. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry also demonstrated CaR expression in Auerbach’s myenteric plexus of small and large intestines and in the submucosa in the region of Meissner’s plexus. Our results reveal CaR expression in several cell types of small and large intestine, in which it may modulate absorptive and/or secretomotor functions.

scholarly journals Neural motor complexes propagate continuously along the full length of mouse small intestine and colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G99-G108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Costa ◽  
Timothy James Hibberd ◽  
Lauren J. Keightley ◽  
Lukasz Wiklendt ◽  
John W. Arkwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Propagating Waves ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Cyclical propagating waves of muscle contraction have been recorded in isolated small intestine or colon, referred to here as motor complexes (MCs). Small intestinal and colonic MCs are neurogenic, occur at similar frequencies, and propagate orally or aborally. Whether they can be coordinated between the different gut regions is unclear. Motor behavior of whole length mouse intestines, from duodenum to terminal rectum, was recorded by intraluminal multisensor catheter. Small intestinal MCs were recorded in 27/30 preparations, and colonic MCs were recorded in all preparations ( n = 30) with similar frequencies (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.02 counts/min, respectively). MCs propagated across the ileo-colonic junction in 10/30 preparations, forming “full intestine” MCs. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the probability of a full intestine MC but had no significant effect on frequency, speed, or direction. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade by Nω-nitro-l-arginine, after physostigmine, increased MC frequency in small intestine only. Hyoscine-resistant MCs were recorded in the colon but not small intestine ( n = 5). All MCs were abolished by hexamethonium ( n = 18) or tetrodotoxin ( n = 2). The enteric neural mechanism required for motor complexes is present along the full length of both the small and large intestine. In some cases, colonic MCs can be initiated in the distal colon and propagate through the ileo-colonic junction, all the way to duodenum. In conclusion, the ileo-colonic junction provides functional neural continuity for propagating motor activity that originates in the small or large intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraluminal manometric recordings revealed motor complexes can propagate antegradely or retrogradely across the ileo-colonic junction, spanning the entire small and large intestines. The fundamental enteric neural mechanism(s) underlying cyclic motor complexes exists throughout the length of the small and large intestine.

scholarly journals Infection with a small intestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri consistently alters microbial communities throughout the small and large intestine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Rapin ◽  
Audrey Chuat ◽  
Luc Lebon ◽  
Mario M. Zaiss ◽  
Benjamin Marsland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Intestinal Helminth ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that intestinal helminth infection can alter intestinal microbial communities with important impacts on the mammalian host. However, all of the studies to date utilize different techniques to study the microbiome and access different sites of the intestine with little consistency noted between studies. In the present study, we set out to perform a comprehensive analysis of the impact of intestinal helminth infection on the mammalian intestinal bacterial microbiome. For this purpose, we investigated the impact of experimental infection using the natural murine small intestinal helminth,Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri(Hpb) and examined possible alterations in both the mucous and luminal bacterial communities along the entire small and large intestine. We also explored the impact of common experimental variables, including the parasite batch and pre-infection microbiome, on the outcome of helminth-bacterial interactions. This work provides evidence that helminth infection reproducibly alters intestinal microbial communities – with an impact of infection noted along the entire length of the intestine. Although the exact nature of helminth-induced alterations to the intestinal microbiome differed depending on the parasite batch and microbiome community structure present prior to infection, changes extended well beyond the introduction of new bacterial species by the infecting larvae. Moreover, striking similarities between different experiments were noted, including the consistent outgrowth of a bacterium belonging to the Peptostreptococcaceae family throughout the intestine.Author SummaryIncreasing evidence indicates a role for interactions between intestinal helminths and the microbiome in regulating mammalian health, and a greater understanding of helminth-microbiota interactions may open the path for the development of novel immunomodulatory therapies. However, such studies are hampered by the inconsistent nature of the data reported so far. Such inconsistancies likely result from variations in the experimental and technological methodologies employed to investigate helminth-microbiota interactions and well has natural variation in the starting microbiome composition and/or worm genetics. We conducted a thorough study in which the reproducibility of helminth-induced alterations of microbial communities was determined and impact of common experimental variables – such as the starting microbiome and parasite batch - was determined. Our work reveals the robust ability of small intestinal helminth infection to alter microbial communities along the entire length of the intestine and additionally identifies a single bacterium that is strongly associated with infection across multiple experiments.

Structure and activity of uroguanylin and guanylin from the intestine and urine of rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (5) ◽  
pp. E957-E964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Fan ◽  
F. Kent Hamra ◽  
Roslyn M. London ◽  
Sammy L. Eber ◽  
William J. Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Guanylate Cyclase ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
Structure And Activity ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Uroguanylin and guanylin are related peptides that activate common guanylate cyclase signaling molecules in the intestine and kidney. Uroguanylin was isolated from urine and duodenum but was not detected in extracts from the colon of rats. Guanylin was identified in extracts from small and large intestine but was not detected in urine. Uroguanylin and guanylin have distinct biochemical and chromatographic properties that facilitated the separation, purification, and identification of these peptides. Northern assays revealed that mRNA transcripts for uroguanylin were more abundant in small intestine compared with large intestine, whereas guanylin mRNA levels were greater in large intestine relative to small intestine. Synthetic rat uroguanylin and guanylin had similar potencies in the activation of receptors in T84 intestinal cells. Production of uroguanylin and guanylin in the mucosa of duodenum is consistent with the postulate that both peptides influence the activity of an intracellular guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate signaling pathway that regulates the transepithelial secretion of chloride and bicarbonate in the intestinal epithelium.

scholarly journals Features of lipid synthesis from [2-14C] acetate in liver and intestinal mucosa of piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
O. Ya. Zakhariv ◽  
◽  
I. V. Vudmaska ◽  
A. P. Petruk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Requirement of suckling piglets in lipids are supplied in two ways: with sow milk and by de novo synthesis. Despite the high fat content of milk and increased lipogenesis, lipid content in piglets’ body during the first month of life increases very slightly what is associated with extremely rapid growth at this period and, consequently, significant expenditure of energy and structural lipids for tissues formation. Therefore, it is important to study the intensity of lipid synthesis in suckling piglets. The purpose of our studies was to investigate the age-related dynamics of lipogenesis. Twelve sows of large white breed were selected. From each sow, three piglets were taken at 1-, 10- and 30-day-old age. The piglets were intramuscularly injected with an aqueous solution of [2-14C] sodium acetate at a dose of 100 μCi. After 2 hours, the piglets were killed and samples of the liver, small and large intestine mucosa were obtained. The tissues were homogenized; lipids were extracted and divided into classes by thin layer chromatography. The radioactivity of each fraction was determined by a scintillation counter. The results show that the intensity of lipid synthesis from [2-14C] acetate in liver of 1 day-age piglets was 2.5 times higher than at 10 and 30 days. In the mucous membrane of the small and large intestine of piglets at 1- and 10 days of age, lipid synthesis occurs at almost the same intensity. At 30 days of age it increases significantly in the small intestinal mucosa and decreases in the large intestinal mucosa. Significant differences in the degree of use of [2-14C] acetate in the synthesis of individual lipid classes in the small intestinal mucosa of piglets at all stages of the study compared with the liver were revealed. The same features are observed for the synthesis of individual classes of lipids in the mucosa of the large intestine of piglets at 10 and 30 days of age. The obtained results indicate significant differences in lipid synthesis in the mucosa of the small and large intestine and in the liver of suckling piglets. Acetate is very intensively used for lipid synthesis during the first 30 days of piglets’ life. On the first day of life, lipogenesis is most active in the liver, but with age the lipid synthesis gradually activated in the intestinal mucosa.

Comparison of Transport Capacity of Small and Large Intestine

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cordero ◽  
T. Hastings Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Large Intestine ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

scholarly journals Small and Large Intestine (II): Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Short Bowel Syndrome, and Malignant Tumors of the Digestive Tract

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2325
Author(s):  
Yolanda Ber ◽  
Santiago García-Lopez ◽  
Carla J. Gargallo-Puyuelo ◽  
Fernando Gomollón
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Short Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Short Bowel ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Enteral And Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

The small intestine is key in the digestion and absorption of macro and micronutrients. The large intestine is essential for the absorption of water, to allow adequate defecation, and to harbor intestinal microbiota, for which their nutritional role is as important as it is unknown. This article will describe the causes and consequences of malnutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, the importance of screening and replacement of micronutrient deficits, and the main indications for enteral and parenteral nutrition in these patients. We will also discuss the causes of short bowel syndrome, a complex entity due to anatomical or functional loss of part of the small bowel, which can cause insufficient absorption of liquid, electrolytes, and nutrients and lead to complex management. Finally, we will review the causes, consequences, and management of malnutrition in patients with malignant and benign digestive tumors, including neuroendocrine tumors (present not only in the intestine but also in the pancreas).

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