scholarly journals Vegetarians’ and Omnivores’ Affective and Physiological Responses to Food

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C Anderson ◽  
Jolie B. Wormwood ◽  
Lisa Feldman Barrett ◽  
Karen Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Making Meaning ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
The Brain

Many vegetarians report that meat is unpleasant, but little else is known about their affective responses to meat and non-meat foods. Here we explored affective responses to food in vegetarians and omnivores and tested the hypothesis that vegetarians have global differences in affective processing (e.g., increased disgust sensitivity). We presented pictures of different food items and recorded participants’ affective experience while we recorded peripheral physiology. We found that vegetarians' self-reported experience of meat was less pleasant than omnivores’, but that other food items were equally pleasant across the two groups. Moreover, vegetarians and omnivores had strikingly similar physiological responses to all food stimuli--including meat. We interpret these results from a psychological constructionist perspective, which posits that individuals conceptualize changes in their bodily states in ways that match their beliefs, such that increased sympathetic nervous system activity may be conceptualized as an experience of excitement about a delicious meat meal for omnivores but as an experience of displeasure for a vegetarian who believes meat is cruel, wasteful, impure, or unhealthy. This interpretation is consistent with emerging neuroscience evidence that the brain constructs experience by predicting and making meaning of internal sensations based on past experience and knowledge.

Subjectivity as a sentient perspective and the role of interoception

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena De Preester
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Phenomenological Point

This chapter argues that the most basic form of subjectivity is different from and more fundamental than having a self, and forwards a hypothesis about the origin of subjectivity in terms of interoception. None of those topics are new, and a consensus concerning the homeostatic-interoceptive origin of subjectivity is rapidly growing in the domains of the neurosciences and psychology. This chapter critically explores that growing consensus, and it argues that the idea that the brain topographically represents bodily states is unfit for thinking about the coming about of subjectivity. In the first part, four inherent characteristics of subjectivity are discussed from a philosophical phenomenological point of view. The second part explores whether a model of subjectivity in which interoception maintains its crucial role is possible without relying on topographical representations of the in-depth body, and giving due to the inherent characteristics of subjectivity.

Attenuation of Haemodynamic Response to Placement of Mayfield Skull Pin Head Holder - Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol Infusion - A Randomized Interventional Trial Done in a Tertiary Centre in Central Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
pp. 2639-2643
Author(s):  
Sruthy Unni ◽  
Ranju Sebastian ◽  
Elizabeth Joseph ◽  
Remani Kelan Kamalakshi ◽  
Jamsheena Muthira Parambath
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND Anaesthesia for neurosurgery requires special considerations. The brain is enclosed in a rigid cranium, so the rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) which impairs cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), results in irrepairable damage to various vital areas in the brain. Stable head position is required in long neurosurgical procedures. This is obtained with the use of clamps which fix the head rigidly. This is done usually under general anaesthesia because it produces intense painful stimuli leading to stimulation of sympathetic nervous system which in turn causes release of vasoconstrictive agents. This can impair perfusion in all organ systems. The increase in blood pressure due to sympathetic nervous system causes increase in blood flow. This causes increases in intracranial pressure which result in reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure once the auto regulatory limits are exceeded. We compared the effects of dexmedetomidine 1 µgm/kg and propofol 100 µgm/kg given as infusion over a period of 10 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia and continued till 5 minutes after pinning to attenuate the stress response while cranial pinning. In this study, we wanted to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol as infusion to attenuate the stress response while cranial pinning in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. METHODS This is a randomized interventional trial. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 20 each. Group 1 receiving dexmedetomidine and group 2 receiving propofol, both drugs given as infusion. Haemodynamic variables were monitored before and after cranial pinning. Data was analysed using IBM statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) statistics. The parameters recorded were analysed with the help of a statistician. RESULTS The two groups were comparable in demographic data. Incidence of tachycardia between group 1 and 2 showed that tachycardia to pinning was better controlled with propofol than dexmedetomidine (P < 0.05) which is statistically significant. There is no statistically significant difference in blood pressure values between group 1 and 2 after pinning. CONCLUSIONS From our study, we came to a conclusion that propofol was superior to dexmedetomidine in attenuating the heart rate response to cranial pinning. The effect of propofol and dexmedetomidine was comparable in attenuating the blood pressure response to cranial pinning. KEYWORDS Cranial Pinning, Dexmedetomidine, Propofol

Underfeeding and the physiological responses to infused epinephrine in lean women

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (3) ◽  
pp. R583-R589 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Mansell ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate ◽  
Body Responsiveness ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Undernutrition leads to a reduction in sympathetic nervous system activity, but it is not established whether whole body responsiveness to catecholamines is also affected. The physiological responses to a 30-min infusion of epinephrine at 25 ng.kg-1.min-1 were studied in seven healthy, lean female subjects who had reduced their daily food intake to 60 kJ/kg ideal body weight for 7 days. Underfeeding led to greater epinephrine-induced increases in blood glycerol [peak increment 0.14 +/- 0.02 (SE) vs. 0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/l, P less than 0.05] and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations (mean increment 0.30 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.04 mmol/l, P less than 0.05, analysis of variance). Compared with the normally fed state, in the underfed state epinephrine also caused greater increases in skin temperatures measured over the abdomen (0.94 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.06 degrees C, P less than 0.05) and over the thigh (1.00 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.12 degrees C, P less than 0.01). Underfeeding did not, however, affect the chronotropic, thermogenic, or other measured responses to epinephrine. Underfeeding therefore caused an enhancement of some but not all physiological responses to infused epinephrine.

scholarly journals Social instigation and repeated aggressive confrontations in male Swiss mice: analysis of plasma corticosterone, CRF and BDNF levels in limbic brain areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Madeira Fortes ◽  
Lucas Albrechet-Souza ◽  
Mailton Vasconcelos ◽  
Bruna Maria Ascoli ◽  
Ana Paula Menegolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Resident Intruder

Abstract Introduction: Agonistic behaviors help to ensure survival, provide advantage in competition, and communicate social status. The resident-intruder paradigm, an animal model based on male intraspecific confrontations, can be an ethologically relevant tool to investigate the neurobiology of aggressive behavior. Objectives: To examine behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behavior in male Swiss mice exposed to repeated confrontations in the resident intruder paradigm. Methods: Behavioral analysis was performed in association with measurements of plasma corticosterone of mice repeatedly exposed to a potential rival nearby, but inaccessible (social instigation), or to 10 sessions of social instigation followed by direct aggressive encounters. Moreover, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) were measured in the brain of these animals. Control mice were exposed to neither social instigation nor aggressive confrontations. Results: Mice exposed to aggressive confrontations exhibited a similar pattern of species-typical aggressive and non-aggressive behaviors on the first and the last session. Moreover, in contrast to social instigation only, repeated aggressive confrontations promoted an increase in plasma corticosterone. After 10 aggressive confrontation sessions, mice presented a non-significant trend toward reducing hippocampal levels of CRF, which inversely correlated with plasma corticosterone levels. Conversely, repeated sessions of social instigation or aggressive confrontation did not alter BDNF concentrations at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: Exposure to repeated episodes of aggressive encounters did not promote habituation over time. Additionally, CRF seems to be involved in physiological responses to social stressors.

scholarly journals ULTRASTRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF CATECHOLAMINE-CONTAINING CENTRAL SYNAPTIC TERMINALS

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
FLOYD E. BLOOM
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Synaptic Terminals ◽  
Direct Localization ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Neurotransmitter Substances ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Selective Accumulation ◽  
Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System

Cytochemical methods for the localization of central catecholamine-containing synaptic terminals have been developed from an extensive foundation of biochemical work and from extrapolation of results on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Direct localization of catecholamines in central nerve terminals in some parts of the brain can now be obtained by fixation with permanganates. More broadly applicable, but less direct localizing methods depend upon selective accumulation of tritiated catecholamines for autoradiography or the accumulation of reactive catecholamine congeners which act as markers with conventional fixation. The pattern of acute degenerative changes which result after treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine can also be used to provide an indirect localization of the terminals which had stored catecholamines. When the results of each of the methods are combined, the present techniques indicate that catecholamine-containing terminals in the brain can be identified more confidently than any other system of neurotransmitter substances. Nevertheless, there is considerable need for future cytochemical innovation.

scholarly journals Magnesium Dynamics and Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisanori Samejima ◽  
Kazuhiko Tanabe ◽  
Noriyuki Suzuki ◽  
Kazuto Omiya ◽  
Masahiro Murayama
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System Activity ◽  
System Activity ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous
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