scholarly journals Sex and the cardiovascular system: the intriguing tale of how women and men regulate cardiovascular function differently

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia H. Huxley
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Living System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Diagnostic Instruments ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

The ability to recognize and appreciate from a reproductive standpoint that males and females possess different attributes has been long standing. Only more recently have we begun to look more deeply into both the similarities and differences between men and women, as well as between boys and girls, with respect to the structure and function of other organ systems. This article focuses on the cardiovascular system, with examples of sex differences in the control of coronary function, blood pressure, and volume. Recognizing the differences between the sexes with respect to cardiovascular function facilitates understanding of the mechanisms whereby homeostasis can be achieved using different contributions or components of the living system. Furthermore, recognition of the differences as well as the similarities permits the design of appropriate diagnostic instruments, recognition of sex-specific pathophysiology, and implementation of appropriate treatment of cardiovascular disease in men and women.

scholarly journals Blue-Throated Hummingbird Song: A Pinnacle of Nonoscine Vocalizations

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Sigler Ficken ◽  
Kathryn M. Rusch ◽  
Sandra J. Taylor ◽  
Donald R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vocal Complexity

Abstract Little is known about the structure and function of hummingbird vocalizations. We studied the vocalizations of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) at two sites in southeastern Arizona. Songs were produced by males and females. Male songs consisted of arrays of notes organized in clusters of “song units.” Within sites, all males shared the same song units. Individual differences occurred in some temporal aspects of song, and slight but consistent differences in note structure occurred between the two sites. The organization of units within songs was marked by rigid syntax, and long songs were produced by agglutination of units. Male songs may function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction. Female songs were very different acoustically from those of males and typically were given when females were within a few centimeters of a male. In these situations, the female's song often overlapped temporally with the male's song. Of the hummingbird species studied so far, the Blue-throated Hummingbird has the most complex songs and is the only known species with complex female songs. Blue-throated Hummingbirds show convergence with oscines in vocal complexity, song organization, song function, and possible learning of some song elements.

scholarly journals Different Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Hypertensive Men and Women

Hypertension ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Schillaci ◽  
Matteo Pirro ◽  
Giacomo Pucci ◽  
Massimo R. Mannarino ◽  
Fabio Gemelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Left Ventricular Structure ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Ventricular Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Puberty Timing and Markers of Cardiovascular Structure and Function at 25 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M. Maher ◽  
Lisa Ryan ◽  
Fergus P. McCarthy ◽  
Alun Hughes ◽  
Chloe Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Cardiovascular Structure ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

AbstractImportanceWhether earlier onset of puberty is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in early adulthood is not well understood.ObjectiveTo examine the association between puberty timing and markers of cardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingThe Southwest region of England.ParticipantsParticipants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), born between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992.ExposureAge at peak height velocity (aPHV), an objective and validated growth-based measure of puberty onset.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years: carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data on covariates and outcomes. Linear regression was used to examine the association between aPHV and each measure of cardiac structure and function, adjusting for maternal age, gestational age, household social class, maternal education, mother’s partner’s education, breastfeeding, parity, birthweight, maternal body mass index, maternal marital status, maternal prenatal smoking status, and height and fat mass at age 9. All analyses were stratified by sex.ResultsA total of 2752-4571 participants were included in the imputed analyses. A one-year older aPHV was not strongly associated with markers of cardiac structure and function in males and females at 25 years and most results spanned the null value. In adjusted analyses a one-year older aPHV was associated with 0.003mm (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.00001, 0.006) and 0.0008mm (95% CI: −0.002, 0.003) higher CIMT; 0.02m/s (95% CI: −0.05, 0.09) and 0.02m/s (95% CI: −0.04, 0.09) higher PWV; and 0.003mmHg (95% CI: −0.60, 0.60) and 0.13mmHg (95% CI: −0.44, 0.70) higher SBP, among males and females respectively. A one-year older aPHV was associated with −0.55g/m2.7 (95% CI: −0.03, −1.08) and −0.89g/m2.7 (95% CI: −0.45, −1.34) lower LVMI and −0.001 (95% CI: −0.006, 0.002) and −0.002 (95% CI: −0.006, 0.002) lower RWT among males and females.Conclusions and RelevanceEarlier puberty is unlikely to have a major impact on pre-clinical cardiovascular risk in early adulthood.Key PointsQuestionIs puberty timing associated with cardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years?FindingsAdjusted estimates from this prospective birth cohort study suggest no strong evidence of association between age at puberty (measured using age at peak height velocity) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and relative wall thickness (RWT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at age 25 years among males and females, with results spanning the null in all but LVMI.MeaningEarlier puberty is unlikely to have a major impact on pre-clinical cardiovascular risk in early adulthood.

scholarly journals State of cardiovascular system in employees with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with arterial hypertension in terms of exposure to toxic games

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
L. A. Panacheva ◽  
L. A. Shpagina
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
Large Vessels

Objective. Identification of the features of the cardiovascular system damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with arterial hypertension (AH) in workers exposed to toxic gases (TG). Materials and methods. 132 house painters and paint production workers of the Novosibirsk aviation enterprise were included in 3 strata and examined: I-COPD and TG; II-COPD in combination with AH when exposed to TG; III COPD in combination with AH without exposure to TG. Employees of all strata were divided by length of service less than 10 and more than 10 years. The selection of workers in groups was carried out by a continuous method. Results. The most pronounced changes on the ECG, regardless of the length of service, were observed in workers with COPD in combination with hypertension and contact with TG (levogram and metabolic changes in the myocardium). When exposed to TG for more than 10 years, hypertrophy of the left parts of the heart was also detected. Among workers with COPD in combination with hypertension exposed to TG, the indicators of average pulmonary artery pressure (APAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) elevated with increasing work experience; changes in the structure and function of the right and left parts of the heart and signs of remodeling of large vessels were also revealed. The same workers showed more pronounced changes in the daily blood pressure profile (DBPP) of AP with the prevalence of Non-dippers and Night-pickers. Conclusions. Among workers suffering from comorbid pathology, with increasing duration of TG exposure over 10 years, there were observed the most pronounced ECG changes (deviation of electrical axis to the left, metabolic changes in the myocardium, hypertrophy of the left heart); increased APAP and PVR 1.21 and 1.10 times; changes in the structure and function of the right and left chambers of the heart, remodeling of large vessels; increase in the frequency of variants of the DBPP of Non-dippers and Night-pickers.

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