Optical Constants of Arsenic and Boron Implants in Silicon Determined by a Four‐Phase Complex Refractive Index Model

1982 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Delfino ◽  
R. R. Razouk
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Phase Complex

scholarly journals Optimising the Complex Refractive Index Model for Estimating the Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Hossain Zadhoush ◽  
Antonios Giannopoulos ◽  
Iraklis Giannakis
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Shape Factor ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Fdtd Method ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Index Model ◽  
General Complex ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Fine Tune

Estimating the permittivity of heterogeneous mixtures based on the permittivity of their components is of high importance with many applications in ground penetrating radar (GPR) and in electrodynamics-based sensing in general. Complex Refractive Index Model (CRIM) is the most mainstream approach for estimating the bulk permittivity of heterogeneous materials and has been widely applied for GPR applications. The popularity of CRIM is primarily based on its simplicity while its accuracy has never been rigorously tested. In the current study, an optimised shape factor is derived that is fine-tuned for modelling the dielectric properties of concrete. The bulk permittivity of concrete is expressed with respect to its components i.e., aggregate particles, cement particles, air-voids and volumetric water fraction. Different combinations of the above materials are accurately modelled using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The numerically estimated bulk permittivity is then used to fine-tune the shape factor of the CRIM model. Then, using laboratory measurements it is shown that the revised CRIM model over-performs the default shape factor and provides with more accurate estimations of the bulk permittivity of concrete.

Soft X-ray refractive index by reconciling total electron yield with specular reflection: experimental determination of the optical constants of graphite

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1433-1443
Author(s):  
C. Jansing ◽  
H. Wahab ◽  
H. Timmers ◽  
A. Gaupp ◽  
H.-C. Mertins
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Reflection Spectra ◽  
Total Electron Yield ◽  
Total Electron ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Yield ◽  
Saturation Effects

The complex refractive index of many materials is poorly known in the soft X-ray range across absorption edges. This is due to saturation effects that occur there in total-electron-yield and fluorescence-yield spectroscopy and that are strongest at resonance energies. Aiming to obtain reliable optical constants, a procedure that reconciles electron-yield measurements and reflection spectroscopy by correcting these saturation effects is presented. The procedure takes into account the energy- and polarization-dependence of the photon penetration depth as well as the creation efficiency for secondary electrons and their escape length. From corrected electron-yield spectra the absorption constants and the imaginary parts of the refractive index of the material are determined. The real parts of the index are subsequently obtained through a Kramers–Kronig transformation. These preliminary optical constants are refined by simulating reflection spectra and adapting them, so that measured reflection spectra are reproduced best. The efficacy of the new procedure is demonstrated for graphite. The optical constants that have been determined for linearly polarized synchrotron light incident with p- and s-geometry provide a detailed and reliable representation of the complex refractive index of the material near π- and σ-resonances. They are also suitable for allotropes of graphite such as graphene.

scholarly journals Determination of Optical Constants and Thickness of Nanostructured ZnO Film by Spin Coating Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
R. R. Ghimire ◽  
Y. P. Dahal ◽  
K. B. Rai ◽  
S. P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Spin Coating Technique ◽  
Transmittance Spectrum ◽  
Coating Technique ◽  
Envelope Method

In this report, we have investigated optical constants and thickness of nanostructured ZnO films grown on a glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating technique using zinc acetate as precursor. Optical constants such as complex refractive index ñ and dielectric constant ϵ determined from the transmittance spectrum in the ultraviolet, visible, near infrared (UV-VIS, NIR) region by envelope method. The value of refractive index decreases from 2.34 to 1.86 and extinction coefficient increases from 0.28 to 0.64 with increasing wavelength. The decreasing behavior of refractive index is attributed due to the increase in transmission and decrease in absorption coefficient with increasing wavelength. The film exhibits reasonably high transmittance (>80%) in the visible region. Absorbance coefficient α and film thickness (d) were calculated from the interference of fringes of transmittance spectrum. The band gap and thickness of the film were found 3.02 eV and 275nm, respectively. The thickness of the film measured by envelope method is validated with cross-section micrograph of SEM images which is about 285 nm. The real part of the dielectric function of nanostructured ZnO decreases with increasing wavelength where as the imaginary part of dielectric constant increases with increasing wavelength. The observed high value of refractive index n and real part of dielectric constant ϵ at lower wavelength is due to band edge absorption of carriers. The dispersion relation shows the increase of complex refractive index and dielectric constant at the high frequency regime is due to the discharging of defect levels using optical excitation of carriers in the visible region.

Refractive Index Mixing Rules and Excess Infrared Spectra of Binary Mixtures

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1039-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Baranović
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Optical Constants ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Ideal Liquid ◽  
Liquid Mixtures ◽  
Mixing Rules ◽  
Chemical Equilibria ◽  
Vibrational Study

Three refractive index mixing rules, Arago–Biot, Lorentz–Lorenz, and Newton, are generalized to complex refractive index and used to define infrared (IR) spectra of the corresponding ideal liquid mixtures. Using the measured optical constants n and k for acetonitrile-water mixtures (Bertie and Lan, 1997) the excess absorbances, AE =  Aobs −  Aideal, are calculated. Relying upon the well-established properties of the acetonitrile–water mixtures, the interpretation of the excess absorbances is established that is essentially based on the understanding of a liquid as a set of oscillators. The set depends on the composition of the mixture and comprises oscillators as present in the pure components and oscillators perturbed by hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules. The main features of an excess spectrum can be established assuming chemical equilibria among various oscillators. The most informative parts of the spectrum of a yet unstudied binary system can well be observed and even qualitatively explained from the excess absorbance provided: first, a detailed vibrational study of the components has been done; and, second, it is well understood what actually is subtracted from Aobs. As examples, the binary mixtures of ethynylbenzene and tetrachloroethylene and 2-ethynylpyridine and tetrachloroethylene are considered.

A Revised Complex Refractive Index Model for Inferring the Permittivity of Heterogeneous Concrete Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossain Zadhoush ◽  
Antonios Giannopoulos ◽  
Iraklis Giannakis
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Finite Difference ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Finite Difference Time Domain ◽  
Shape Factor ◽  
Complex Refractive Index ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Difference Time

<p>The estimation of the bulk permittivity of heterogeneous mixtures is of great interest for many Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and electromagnetic sensing applications [1], [2]. The most used method for estimating the bulk permittivity is the Complex Refractive Index Model (CRIM). The simplicity of this method is one its advantages however, the accuracy of the permittivity estimation has not been tested. Here, the CRIM model’s shape factor is examined and optimised in order to achieve a more accurate concrete bulk permittivity estimation. The concrete components are aggregate particles, cement particles, air-voids and moisture content; and they are randomly distributed with different volume percentages to produce various combinations. These combinations are modelled using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method as it is an accurate and computationally efficient method [3]. The numerical modelling is then used to predict the bulk permittivity allowing to fine-tune CRIM model’s shape factor. The models are modelled in 3D and a GSSI-like antenna structure is used as the transmitting source [4]. The permittivity estimation uses an accurate time-zero method, which increases the accuracy of the estimated bulk permittivity hence, the shape factor [5], [6]. The results have shown that the optimised CRIM model over-performs the original CRIM model shape factor therefore, a better and more accurate bulk permittivity estimation is achieved for concrete mixtures.</p><p> </p><p><strong>References </strong></p><p>[1] Daniels, D. J., (2004), Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd ed. London, U.K., Institution of Engineering and Technology.</p><p>[2] Annan, A. P., (2005), Ground Penetrating Radar,  in Investigations in Geophysics, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 357-438.</p><p>[3] Taflove, A., Hagness, S. C., (2005), Computational electromagnetic: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech House, Norwood.</p><p>[4] Warren, C., & Giannopoulos, A., (2011), Creating Finite-Difference Time-Domain Models of Commercial Ground Penetrating Radar Antenna Using Taguchi’s Optimization Method, Geophysics, 76(2), G37-G47.</p><p>[5] Zadhoush, H., Giannopoulos, A., Giannakis, I., (2020), Optimising GPR time-zero adjustment and two-way travel time wavelet measurement using a realistic 3D numerical model, Near Surface Geophysics, Under review (Minor revisions).</p><p>[6] Zadhoush, H., (2020), Numerical Modelling of Ground Penetrating Radar for Optimization of the Time-zero Adjustment and Complex Refractive Index Model, PhD Thesis Submitted at The University of Edinburgh.</p>

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