Electro‐Organic Reactions: XXX . Cleavage and Coupling of Some Biomass‐Derived Organic Compounds

1987 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 3058-3062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith G. Ellis ◽  
Nazar‐ ul‐Islam ◽  
David W. Sopher ◽  
James H. P. Utley ◽  
Helena L. Chum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Reactions

scholarly journals Non-Enzymatic Desymmetrization Reactions in Aqueous Media

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 720
Author(s):  
Satomi Niwayama
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Enzymatic Desymmetrization

Symmetric organic compounds are generally obtained inexpensively, and therefore they can be attractive building blocks for the total synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and natural products. The drawback is that discriminating the identical functional groups in the symmetric compounds is difficult. Water is the most environmentally benign and inexpensive solvent. However, successful organic reactions in water are rather limited due to the hydrophobicity of organic compounds in general. Therefore, desymmetrization reactions in aqueous media are expected to offer versatile strategies for the synthesis of a variety of significant organic compounds. This review focuses on the recent progress of desymmetrization reactions of symmetric organic compounds in aqueous media without utilizing enzymes.

Tin-Mediated Radical Cyclization Reactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima malik ◽  
Aditya G. Lavekar ◽  
Bimal Krishna Banik
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Radical Cyclization ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Cyclization Reactions ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Radical Chemistry ◽  
Wide Range

: The radical was first come into existence in 1900 by Gomberg, where the triphenylmethane radical was explored. Thus, even to date, two centuries have seen radical chemistry as the methodology of preference in organic synthesis. Due to the fascinating nature of the radical-mediated cyclization reactions, it always caught the eye of organic chemists for the synthesis of novel organic compounds with diverse stereochemistry. Moreover, the development of radical methods further proves beneficial for the synthesis by providing atom- and step-economical methods to complex molecules. Among these, where radical chemistry has been employed, the use of tin-based radical annulation is the most common and widely used field for the synthesis of a wide range of organic reactions with medicinal importance. In this review, we compiled recent tin-mediated radical cyclization reactions toward the synthesis of molecules of biological significance.

Alternatives to free molecular halogens as chemoselective reactants: Catalysis of organic reactions with reusable complexes of halogen metal salts

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura I. Rossi ◽  
Manuel I. Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organometallic Complexes ◽  
Organic Ligands ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Metallic Salts ◽  
Oxidation Of Organic Compounds ◽  
Reaction Media

Organometallic complexes of halogen metallic salts have been used as catalysts in different organic reactions, mainly the oxidation of organic compounds. Their use has not only allowed the reduction of the amounts of catalyst (since they can be reused) but also a lower generation of byproducts and wastes. The different reaction media developed through the research were analyzed by several green parameters, and the best results were obtained with complexes that have cyclodextrins as organic ligands. The proposed methodology is an alternative to use of molecular halogen as oxidant or catalyst when halogens are significant chemoselective reactants.

Characterization of clays by organic compounds

Clay Minerals ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lagaly
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Dye Adsorption ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Layer Charge ◽  
Preliminary Identification

AbstractMany problems—from soil research to ceramics—require a reliable characterization of the clay minerals involved. This can be done using four clay-organic reactions: (i) staining tests and dye adsorption; (ii) glycerol and glycol adsorption; (iii) intercalation; (iv) alkylammonium ion exchange. Dye adsorption (staining tests) and glycerol adsorption allow a preliminary identification of the clay mineral groups. Intercalation reactions indicate minute differences between kaolins which cannot be detected by XRD and DTA. Alkylammonium ion exchange provides the best method for characterizing smectites and is sensitive to changes in the layer charge.

Derivatization of small quantities of organic compounds and lower limits of organic reactions

1957 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Cheronis ◽  
Herman Stein ◽  
Victor M. Levey
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Lower Limits

scholarly journals Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation through cloud processing of organic compounds

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 8951-8982 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chen ◽  
R. J. Griffin ◽  
A. Grini ◽  
P. Tulet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Potential Formation

Abstract. Interest in the potential formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through reactions of organic compounds in condensed aqueous phases is growing. In this study, the potential formation of SOA from irreversible aqueous-phase reactions of organic species in clouds was investigated. A new proposed aqueous-phase chemistry mechanism (AqChem) is coupled with the existing gas-phase Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) and the Model to Predict the Multiphase Partitioning of Organics (MPMPO) that simulate SOA formation. AqChem treats irreversible organic reactions that lead mainly to the formation of carboxylic acids, which are usually less volatile than the corresponding aldehydic compounds. Zero-dimensional model simulations were performed for tropospheric conditions with clouds present for three consecutive hours per day. Zero-dimensional model simulations show that 48-h averaged SOA formation are increased by 27% for a rural scenario with strong monoterpene emissions and 7% for an urban scenario with strong emissions of aromatic compounds, respectively, when irreversible organic reactions in clouds are considered. AqChem was also incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 4.4 with CACM/MPMPO and applied to a previously studied photochemical episode (3–4 August 2004) focusing on the eastern United States. The CMAQ study indicates that the maximum contribution of SOA formation from irreversible reactions of organics in clouds is 0.28 μg m−3 for 24-h average concentrations and 0.60 μg m−3 for one-hour average concentrations at certain locations. On average, domain-wide surface SOA predictions for the episode are increased by 8.6% when irreversible, in-cloud processing of organics is considered.

scholarly journals Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation through cloud processing of organic compounds

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 5343-5355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chen ◽  
R. J. Griffin ◽  
A. Grini ◽  
P. Tulet
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Reactions ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Cloud Processing ◽  
Potential Formation

Abstract. Interest in the potential formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through reactions of organic compounds in condensed aqueous phases is growing. In this study, the potential formation of SOA from irreversible aqueous-phase reactions of organic species in clouds was investigated. A new proposed aqueous-phase chemistry mechanism (AqChem) is coupled with the existing gas-phase Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) and the Model to Predict the Multiphase Partitioning of Organics (MPMPO) that simulate SOA formation. AqChem treats irreversible organic reactions that lead mainly to the formation of carboxylic acids, which are usually less volatile than the corresponding aldehydic compounds. Zero-dimensional model simulations were performed for tropospheric conditions with clouds present for three consecutive hours per day. Zero-dimensional model simulations show that 48-h average SOA formation is increased by 27% for a rural scenario with strong monoterpene emissions and 7% for an urban scenario with strong emissions of aromatic compounds, respectively, when irreversible organic reactions in clouds are considered. AqChem was also incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) version 4.4 with CACM/MPMPO and applied to a previously studied photochemical episode (3–4 August 2004) focusing on the eastern United States. The CMAQ study indicates that the maximum contribution of SOA formation from irreversible reactions of organics in clouds is 0.28 μg m−3 for 24-h average concentrations and 0.60 μg m−3 for one-hour average concentrations at certain locations. On average, domain-wide surface SOA predictions for the episode are increased by 9% when irreversible, in-cloud processing of organics is considered. Because aldehydes of carbon number greater than four are assumed to convert fully to the corresponding carboxylic acids upon reaction with OH in cloud droplets and this assumption may overestimate carboxylic acid formation from this reaction route, the present study provides an upper bound estimate of SOA formation via this pathway.

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