On the Physical Properties of Ice in connection with the History of the Glacial Period

1871 ◽  
Vol 6 (0) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
W. M. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
History Of

TIN

Alloy Digest ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Collapsible Tubes ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Constituent ◽  
Varied History

Abstract TIN is used as a coating on steel and on other metals and alloys. When alloyed with other metals, it is an important constituent in soft solders, collapsible tubes, pewter ware, costume jewelry, fusable pressure plugs, bronze and bearing linings. It has a long and varied history of commercial and ornamental uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness and creep. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as casting, forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Sn-5. Producer or source: World tin producers (ingots).

Late-glacial and Post-glacial history of the Chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent

1964 ◽  
Vol 248 (745) ◽  
pp. 135-204 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of

This paper describes the morphology of a small piece of the Chalk escarpment near Brook in east Kent, and reconstructs its history since the end of the Last Glaciation. The escarpment contains a number of steep-sided valleys, or coombes, with which are associated deposits of chalk debris, filling their bottoms and extending as fans over the Gault Clay plain beyond. Here the fans overlie radiocarbon-dated marsh deposits of zone II (10 000 to 8800 B.C.) of the Late-glacial Period. The debris fans were formed and the coombes were cut very largely during the succeeding zone III (8800 to 8300 B.C.). The fans are the products of frost-shattering, probably transported by a combination of niveo-fluvial action and the release of spring waters; intercalated seams of loess also occur. The molluscs and plants preserved in the Late-glacial deposits give a fairly detailed picture of local conditions. The later history of one of the coombes, the Devil’s Kneadingtrough, is reconstructed. The springs have effected virtually no erosion and have probably always emerged more or less in their present position. In the floor of the coombe the periglacial chalk rubbles of zone III are covered by Postglacial deposits, mainly hillwashes. They are oxidized and yield no pollen, but contain rich faunas of land Mollusca, which are presented in the form of histograms revealing changing local ecological and climatic conditions. During most of the Post-glacial Period, from the end of zone III until about the beginning of zone VIII, very little accumulation took place on the coombe floor. But below the springs there are marsh deposits which span much of this interval. They yield faunas of considerable zoogeographical interest. The approximate beginning of zone VII a (Atlantic Period) is reflected by a calcareous tufa, which overlies a weathering horizon, and represents an increase in spring flow. Two clearance phases are deduced from the molluscan record. The first may have taken place at least as early as the Beaker Period (Late Neolithic/earliest Bronze Age); the second is probably of Iron Age ‘A’ date. In Iron Age times the subsoil was mobilized and a phase of rapid hillwashing began. As a result the valley floor became buried by humic chalk muds. The prime cause of this process was probably the beginning of intensive arable farming on the slopes above the coombe; a possible subsidiary factor may have been the Sub-Atlantic worsening of climate. The muds yield pottery ranging in date from Iron Age ‘Kentish first A’ ( ca . 500 to ca . 300 B.C.) to Romano-British ware of the first or second centuries A.D. Evidence is put forward for a possible climatic oscillation from dry to wet taking place at about the time of Christ. In the later stages of cultivation, possibly in the Roman Era, the valley floor was ploughed and given its present-day form.

XIV. Researches into the molecular constitution of the organic bases

1851 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 357-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Organic Bases ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Molecular Constitution

About twelve months ago I had the honour of presenting to the Royal Society an account of a series of researches into the molecular constitution of the volatile organic bases: at present I beg to submit to the consideration of the Society the history of a new group of alkaloids, which, although intimately connected with the former by their origin, differ from them altogether by their properties, and especially in not being volatile . The members of this new group of alkaloids are so numerous, their deportment is so singular, and their derivatives ramify in so many directions, that I have not as yet been able to complete the study of these substances in all their bearings; nor is it my intention to go fully into the chemistry of the subject in the present com­munication, my object being merely to establish the existence of these bodies, and to give a general outline of their connection with the volatile bases, and of their most prominent chemical and physical properties, reserving a detailed description of their salts and derivatives to a future memoir.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties of oats and oat products

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K. GATES ◽  
B. DOBRASZCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Water

The aim of this review is to illustrate how physical properties are important to food processing and quality. Three food products, flakes, porridge and bread, in addition to oat groats are used to show the influence of water and heat-treatments on the mechanical properties. The hydrothermal history of ingredients is shown to affect product quality. Water acts as a plasticiser and solvent in these foods, whilst heat modifies the conformation and interactions of macromolecular components. Structure as well as chemical composition is shown to govern texture.;

Dating Papyri: Familiarity, Instinct and Guesswork1

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-83
Author(s):  
Malcolm Choat
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Script Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Contemporary Practice ◽  
Language Content

This article surveys the history of palaeographical dating of papyri, reflecting on its origins as a system, and what lessons this might have for contemporary practice. In examining the beginnings of palaeography as a discipline in the late seventeenth century with the work of scholars such as Jean Mabillon, it highlights the concerns of that period, especially the authenticity of documents. In this context, palaeographical dating was only one (though of course an important component) of a range of tools scholars used to date and authenticate texts. In the same way, contemporary scholars use an array of methods to date the texts they study, including script, language, content, and the physical properties of the ink and its support. This article highlights the importance of understanding the limitations of each of these methods, whether caused by their subjective nature or the current limits of scientific knowledge, and emphasizes one of the key lessons of Mabillon’s practice, the broad familiarity with many types of script and manuscript which allow these to be properly contextualized and understood.

scholarly journals Discussion on the origin and relationship of the British flora

1935 ◽  
Vol 118 (808) ◽  
pp. 197-241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
Crucial Problem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Geological Background ◽  
Striking Contrast

Professor Seward, in his introductory remarks, referred to the publication in 1899 of Mr. Clement Reid’s “Origin of the British Flora,” and spoke of the more recent researches of Mrs. Reid which have considerably extended our knowledge of British Tertiary floras. He drew attention to the striking contrast between the early Tertiary floras and the present plant population of Britain, and to the changes exhibited by successive floras in geographical relationship and in composition. He emphasized the importance of reconstructing the geological background as well as the botanical features of the series of floras preceding and subsequent to the Glacial period. Reference was made to the more controversial question of the effect of the Ice Age upon the plant-world, and he expressed the hope that the discussion would enable botanists to form a more definite opinion on the crucial problem of survival or extinction of flowering plants when the British area was exposed to the maximum invasion of ice. Professor Seward offered a hearty welcome to Dr. du Reitz of Uppsala, whose work on Scandinavian floras provided particularly important data having a direct bearing upon the history of the Pre-Glacial and Post-Glacial floras of Britain.

Distribution and Damage Caused by Root-Knot Nematodes on Soybean in Southwest Indiana

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Lijuan Xing ◽  
Judith B. Santini ◽  
Andreas Westphal
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Eolian Sand ◽  
Plant Nematode ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Transect Study

The distribution of Meloidogyne spp. in southwestern Indiana was determined in a county-wide survey in two counties and at two farm operations with a history of Meloidogyne infestation. Meloidogyne spp. were found within the Eolian sand deposits in southern Knox Co. and in the northern and central parts of Daviess Co. Meloidogyne spp. were found in approximately 80% of production fields on the two farms south-southeast of Vincennes, Knox Co. In addition, a transect study was conducted in a soybean (cv. 93M90) field to quantify suspected damage from Meloidogyne incognita. In this field, areas of varying sizes contained stunted and chlorotic soybean plants typical of nematode damage. In single transects through each of three damaged areas, plant weights, nematode-induced root galling, nematode densities, and soil chemical and physical properties were taken at 1.5-m intervals. Multiple regression analysis was conducted with the plant, nematode, and soil parameters determined for each location. The amount of nematode-induced galling had the greatest contribution (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.01) to reduced plant top biomass in the damaged soybean areas. Accepted for publication 18 July 2007. Published 31 October 2007.

scholarly journals Gaia: A Stereoscopic Census of Our Galaxy

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (H15) ◽  
pp. 816-816
Author(s):  
T. Prusti
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Space Astrometry ◽  
Modern Astronomy

AbstractGaia is a space astrometry mission, a broad survey project following the measurement and operational principles of Hipparcos. It will help solving one of the most difficult yet deeply fundamental challenges in modern astronomy: to create an extraordinarily precise three-dimensional map of about one billion stars throughout our Galaxy and beyond. In the process, it will map their three-dimensional motions, which encode the origin and subsequent evolution of the Galaxy. Through comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic classification, it will provide the detailed physical properties of each star observed: characterising their luminosity, temperature, gravity, and elemental composition. This massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data to tackle an enormous range of important problems related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our Galaxy.

Late-glacial deposits at Llyn Dwythwch and Nant Ffrancon, Caernarvonshire

1962 ◽  
Vol 244 (716) ◽  
pp. 459-481 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation History ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Glacial Period ◽  
Late Glacial Period ◽  
Lacustrine Deposits ◽  
Kettle Hole ◽  
Lycopodium Annotinum ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Zone Ii

The stratigraphy of sediments in two lake basins in the Caernarvonshire mountains at 600 and 900 ft. O.D. is described and it is shown that the basal layers were deposited in the Late-glacial Period. The deposits of a third site occupying a kettle-hole in morainic gravels at 1223 ft. O.D. are described and here the Late-glacial Period is not represented. The relation of these sites to the youngest corrie moraines of the district indicates that the latter were formed during the post-Allerod climatic regression (Zone III). The vegetation history of the district was studied by means of pollen analysis of lacustrine deposits from the two first-mentioned sites (above). The vegetation of the Late-glacial Period at first formed tundra (Zone I) in which arctic-alpines, notably Betula , flourished together with species of oceanic and oceanic-northern distribution and calcicolous, eutrophic and moderately thermophilous plants. The spread of juniper scrub preceded the arrival of tree birches, which form ‘park-tundra’ in Zone II at Nant Ffrancon but failed to grow as high as Llyn Dwythwch. The birch ‘ parktundra’ is considered to have covered Britain south of the Forth-Clyde at low altitudes and to have occupied central and eastern Ireland at this time. The climatic deterioration of Zone III is clearly registered by the decline of juniper and tree birch and the local severity of conditions is demonstrated by the increased abundance of the chianophilous fern, Cryptogramma crispa, Lycopodium selago, Saussurea alpina and other montane herbs. The extensive occurrence of solifluxion, augmented by glacier streams, brought down silt and clay into the lakes. The ensuing amelioration in climate and the course of forest development through the Post-glacial Period is briefly traced and the persistence of certain elements of the present mountain flora from the Late-glacial Period demonstrated. A description is given of the spores of Cryptogramma crispa which together with Lycopodium annotinum and Saussurea alpina are new to British Late-glacial records.

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