Vehicle speed estimation using two roadside passive infrared sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (22n24) ◽  
pp. 2040151
Author(s):  
Van Quang Vu ◽  
Van Linh Ngo ◽  
Toan Thang Vu ◽  
Van Phuc Doan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Speed Estimation ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Infrared Sensors ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Moving Direction ◽  
Passive Infrared

This paper presents a method for estimating vehicle speed using two roadside passive infrared (PIR) sensors whose optical axes are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the moving direction of vehicles. The vehicle speed was calculated based on the time lag between the two signals received by the PIR sensors, which was evaluated by using cross-correlation analysis. The experiments show that the method has an error of less than 5 km/h over a speed range of 20–60 km/h.

A novel system for measuring vehicle speed via analog signals of pyroelectric infrared sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140028
Author(s):  
Vu Van Quang ◽  
Vu Toan Thang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Infrared Sensors ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Optical Axes ◽  
Speed Range ◽  
Moving Direction ◽  
Traveling Speed

This paper presents a method of measuring transportation vehicle’s speed via analog signals of a couple of pyroelectric infrared sensors. The measuring system is located along the roadside with the assumption that optical axes of the sensors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the moving direction of vehicles. A cross-correlation method combined with interpolation has been used in order to determine the time delay between two output signals, thus defining the traveling speed of the target. The experiment results show that the proposed method has an error of less than 5 km/h over the speed range of 20–90 km/h.

Wavelet and cross correlation analysis on some climatology parameters of Nepal

BIBECHANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Babu Ram Tiwari ◽  
Jiyao Xu ◽  
Binod Adhikari ◽  
Narayan Prasad Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sunspot Numbers ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Convective Motions

This study has been performed to understand the relationship between sunspot numbers (SSN) with climatology related parameters like temperature and rainfall from 1901 to 2016. The spectral characteristics of sunspot numbers, temperature and rainfall have been observed using continuous wavelet transform. Cross-correlation analyses were also performed to find any relation among temperature, rainfall, and sunspot numbers. The 9–11 year periodicity of sunspot numbers confirmed by wavelet transform in annual scale. The periodicity of high-frequency signals is identified between 4 to 11 years whereas the low frequencies signal is found throughout the periods of observation for temperature. Similarly, it is clear that there is more concentration of power between 8–16 years for rainfall. Cross-correlation analysis shows that the sunspot numbers is highly correlated with rainfall and temperature (correlation coefficient ~ 0.8054). The time lag relationship resulted in the almost simultaneous linear relationship between the temperature, rainfall, and the SSN tendency. The development of convective motions over the subtropics might be affected by the time rate of change of SSN combined with the surface temperature changes of diverse time scales. The convective motions were mostly controlled by the available amount of water vapor and the stability of the atmosphere that had a strong connection with the heat capacity of the concerned region. To produce more authentic findings for policy implications, further comprehensive and appropriate research can be undertaken and implemented in this very important field. BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 105-115

scholarly journals Surveillance and Correlation of Antibiotic Prescription and Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Singaporean Hospitals

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Yang Hsu ◽  
Thean-Yen Tan ◽  
Vincent H. Tam ◽  
Andrea Kwa ◽  
Dale Andrew Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis

ABSTRACT A surveillance study was performed in four Singapore public hospitals from 2006 to 2008 to determine the correlation between antibiotic prescription and Gram-negative bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Targeted organisms included ceftriaxone- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, as well as imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Antibiotic prescription data were collated in the WHO anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC)/defined daily dose (DDD) format, while antibiotic resistance was expressed as incidence density adjusted for total inpatient-days every quarter. Individual trends were determined by linear regression, while possible associations between antibiotic prescription and resistance were evaluated via cross-correlation analysis. Results over 3 years indicated significantly rising incidence densities of ceftriaxone- and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (blood isolates only). Antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae rates declined. The prescription rates of piperacillin-tazobactam, ertapenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin increased significantly, while imipenem and moxifloxacin prescription decreased. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrated possible associations between prescription of fluoroquinolones and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli (R 2 = 0.46), fluoroquinolones and ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli (R 2 = 0.47), and carbapenems and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (R 2 = 0.48), all at zero time lag. Changes in meropenem prescription were associated with a similar trend in imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter blood isolates after a 3-month time lag. No correlation was found between cephalosporin use and resistance. In conclusion, our data demonstrated correlation between prescription of and Gram-negative bacterial resistance to several, but not all, key antimicrobial agents in Singapore hospitals. In areas where Gram-negative bacterial resistance is endemic and prescription of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents is high, factors other than antimicrobial usage may be equally important in maintaining high resistance rates.

Local blood circulation among knee extensor synergists in relation to alternate muscle activity during low-level sustained contraction

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoki Kouzaki ◽  
Minoru Shinohara ◽  
Kei Masani ◽  
Masanobu Tachi ◽  
Hiroaki Kanehisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Sustained Contraction ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis

The relation between local circulation and alternate muscle activity among knee extensor synergists was determined during low-level sustained knee extension at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction for 60 min in seven subjects. Blood volume of rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from RF, VL, and vastus medialis (VM). Alternate muscle activity was observed between RF and either VL or VM. Cross-correlation analysis was used to investigate the relation between blood volume and integrated EMG (iEMG) sequences throughout the task. One negative peak in the cross-correlation function was seen between the iEMG and blood volume with time lag of 30–60 s, indicating that muscle activity increases (or decreases) with the decrease (or increase) in local circulation with the corresponding time lag. Two cases in the emergence of alternate muscle activities, i.e., an increase in the EMG of RF accompanied by a decline of EMG in VL ( case I) and vice versa ( case II) were further analyzed. The time lag between iEMG and blood volume was longer in case I than that in case II. These results were statistically significant in the RF but not in the VL. It is concluded that even during low-level sustained contraction, local circulation is modulated by the alternate muscle activity of knee extensor synergists, and a negative correlation between the muscle activity and blood volume sequences was found in only RF but not in VL.

scholarly journals Autocorrelation and cross-correlation flow analysis along the confluence of the Kupa and Sava Rivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Marta Caren ◽  
Krešimir Pavlić
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Cross Correlation Function ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
The Cross

In this paper, an autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis of the flow of the Kupa and Sava rivers was performed. The analysis was performed at hydrological stations close to the confluence of these two rivers near the city of Sisak, based on data of mean daily flows and daily precipitation. The analysed time period is from 2008 to 2017, with the series being divided into two parts of five years each, from 2008 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017. Daily flow data were measured at the hydrological stations Farkašić on the Kupa River and Crnac on the Sava River, and data on precipitation at the main meteorological station and the automatic meteorological station Sisak. The maximum value of the cross-correlation function between the hydrological stations at the Kupa and Sava rivers is very high, but at a time lag of zero days. The value of the cross-correlation function remains high, up to 0.6 and up to a 4 day lag. The cross-correlation function between precipitation and hydrological data has a very low maximum value.

The Effects of Restricted Preview on Driver Steering Control and Performance

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. McLean ◽  
Errol R. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Steering Control ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Heading Angle ◽  
And Performance

Driver steering control and performance were studied for straight-lane driving under conditions of restricted far-sight distance. The far-sight distance necessary for the driver to adequately align the car was found to be 70 ft. and was independent of vehicle speeds of 20 and 30 m.p.h. With far-sight distances beyond 70 ft., there was no improvement in driver steering performance. Spectral analysis of steering wheel angle showed peaks in the frequency range 0.1 to 0.3 Hz. The value of the peak frequency was affected by allowed preview time, where preview time was far-sight distance divided by vehicle speed. Cross-correlation analysis suggested that the peaks were associated with the driver's control of vehicle heading angle. Higher frequency peaks were observed in the range 0.35 to 0.6 Hz. These peaks were more likely to occur under conditions of severely reduced preview.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Vehicle Speed Using Cross-Correlation Algorithms and MEMS Wireless Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1721
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
Shihui Shen ◽  
Hai Huang ◽  
Linbing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Speed Estimation ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability And Accuracy

Traffic information is critical for pavement design, management, and health monitoring. Numerous in-pavement sensors have been developed and installed to collect the traffic volume and loading amplitude. However, limited attention has been paid to the algorithm of vehicle speed estimation. This research focuses on the estimation of the vehicle speed based on a cross-correlation method. A novel wireless micro-electromechanical sensor (MEMS), Smartrock is used to capture the triaxial acceleration, rotation, and stress data. The cross-correlation algorithms, i.e., normalized cross-correlation (NCC) algorithm, the smoothed coherence transform (SCOT) algorithm, and the phase transform (PHAT) algorithm, are applied to estimate the loading speed of an accelerated pavement test (APT) and the traffic speed in the field. The signal-noise-ratio (SNR) and the mean relative error (MRE) are utilized to evaluate the stability and accuracy of the algorithms. The results show that both the correlated noise and independent noise have significant influence in the field data. The SCOT algorithm is recommended for speed estimation with reasonable accuracy and stability because of a large SNR value and the lowest MRE value among the algorithms. The loading speed investigated in this study was within 50 km/h and further verification is needed for higher speed estimation.

Application of Cross-correlation Analysis Method for Measurement of the Fluid Flow Rate Based on X-ray Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 01025-1-01025-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Borodulya ◽  
◽  
R. O. Rezaev ◽  
S. G. Chistyakov ◽  
E. I. Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Fluid Flow Rate ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis Method
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