The effects of dietary protein content on growth and maturation in deer mice

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1822-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G McAdam ◽  
John S Millar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Growth and female maturation appear to be limited by the availability of dietary protein in natural populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus borealis) in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. We examined the effects of dietary protein content on nestling growth rates and sexual maturation of female deer mice in two laboratory experiments. In the first, mice whose mothers were fed a low-protein mixture of sunflower seeds and oats (14% protein) exhibited slow growth prior to weaning and those fed high-protein cat food (30% protein) postweaning showed compensatory growth. Preweaning but not postweaning diet quality affected the proportion of females who were sexually mature at 42 days of age. Therefore, while deficient nestling growth can be compensated for, the effects of a low-quality maternal diet during lactation may have lasting effects on the maturation of female offspring. In the second experiment, mice raised on isocaloric diets of 14, 20, and 30% protein did not differ in growth as nestlings or juveniles. Differences among the three diets in the proportion of mature females at 42 days did not correspond to dietary protein levels as predicted. Dietary protein content from 14 to 30% appear to be sufficient for juvenile mice raised in captivity.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

The influence of dietary protein and caloric content on thyroid function and hepatic thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1526-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Eales ◽  
D. L. MacLatchy ◽  
D. A. Higgs ◽  
B. S. Dosanjh
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Substrate Affinity ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

The influence of dietary protein and caloric intake on thyroid function of immature rainbow trout (6.5 °C; 12 h L: 12 h D photocycle) fed a daily ration of 0.97% of body weight was studied. In experiment 1, trout fed four isocaloric diets (~ 3300 kcal of estimated metabolizable energy/kg; 1 cal = 4.1855 KJ) of identical digestible carbohydrate content (15.2%) but with varying percentages of lipid (7.5–17.6%) and protein (25.6–47.5%) exhibited negligible or modest changes in plasma L-thyroxine (T4) or 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) after 7 or 35 days. After 14 days, activity of hepatic 5′-monodeiodinase (5′D), which converts T4 to the active T3 form, was unaltered. However, at 38 days the functional level (Vmax) of 5′D was directly related to the level of protein intake. Substrate affinity (Km) was unchanged. In experiment 2, trout fed four isocaloric diets (~ 3575 kcal/kg) of similar lipid content (15.8%) but with varying percentages of digestible carbohydrate (3.6–54.2%) and protein (0.32–47.1%) generally showed unaltered plasma T4 after 7 or 35 days, but plasma T3 was depressed by the lowest dietary protein levels. Activity of 5′D was unaffected at 14 days, but at 38 days Vmax was directly related to the level of protein ingested; Km was not changed. Trout pair-fed diets of the highest protein content to achieve levels of protein intake equivalent to those of trout fed diets of lower protein content showed a depressed Vmax but no changes in Km or plasma T4 or T3 levels. We conclude that the level of protein intake in trout mainly determines the activity of 5′D, which is a more sensitive index of chronic thyroidal adjustment than plasma T4 or T3 levels. However, the amount of ingested protein relative to total available dietary energy and (or) the absolute intake levels of one or more nonprotein nutrients change 5′D activity, possibly by influencing the balance between protein synthesis and degradation.

The effect of feed protein content on the uniformity of production in laying hens

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2308
Author(s):  
Hilda Cristina Palma Bendezu ◽  
Nilva Kazue Sakomura ◽  
Euclides Braga Malheiros ◽  
E. P. Silva ◽  
Robert Mervyn Gous
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Feed Protein

The objective of this research was to describe the effect of dietary protein content on the uniformity of egg production in ISA-Brown and Hy-Line laying strains. Six dietary protein levels (120–220 g protein/kg feed) were each fed to 16 individually caged hens, per treatment and strain, during the first 6 weeks of the trial from 28 weeks of age. During the second phase, from 35 weeks, only one feed was offered, this containing 175 g protein/kg. Egg production, feed intake, egg weight, egg output and changes in bodyweight were measured. Some birds were sampled before the trial began, after 6- and again after 10-weeks for carcass analysis. Maximum egg output differed between strains but the marginal response to dietary protein was the same in both strains, the coefficients of response being 220 mg protein/g egg output and 9.0 g per kg bodyweight. The coefficient of variation in egg output was low in both strains fed the highest protein feed but increased as the dietary protein level dropped, with the biggest increase occurring in outputs between birds fed 140 and 120 g protein/kg. These increases were particularly marked in the ISA strain, being almost twice as high as those of the Hy-Line strain. Similarly the lowest coefficients of variation in daily food intake were on the highest protein feeds, with a 2- to 3-fold increase on the lowest dietary protein levels, but with both strains in this case showing similar degrees of uniformity. Variation in body lipid content was higher in the ISA strain between dietary treatments. Uniformity in egg output is increased at the highest intakes of dietary protein because the amino acid requirements of an increasing proportion of the population are met by these higher protein contents. As the protein supply becomes marginal and then deficient uniformity is decreased not only because the most demanding individuals cannot consume sufficient to achieve their potential, but also because birds differ in their ability to deposit excess energy as body lipid when attempting to consume sufficient of a feed limiting in protein. This ability to fatten differs not only between individuals within a population but between strains, as shown in the differences between the two strains used in this trial.

Dietary protein regulates hepatic constitutive protein anabolism in rats in a dose-dependent manner and independently of energy nutrient composition

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (6) ◽  
pp. R1720-R1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Chevalier ◽  
Cécile Bos ◽  
Dalila Azzout-Marniche ◽  
Dominique Dardevet ◽  
Daniel Tomé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Exported Protein ◽  
Dose Dependent

We had previously observed that drastic increases in protein consumption greatly modified hepatic protein anabolism in rats, but the confounding effects of other macronutrient changes or a moderate protein increase to generate the same modifications have not yet been established. This study examined the metabolic and hormonal responses of rats subjected to 14-day isoenergetic diets containing normal, intermediate, or high-protein levels (NP: 14% of energy, IP: 33%, HP: 50%) and different carbohydrate (CHO) to fat ratios within each protein level. Fasted or fed rats ( n = 104) were killed after the injection of a flooding dose of 13C-valine. The hepatic protein content increased in line with the dietary protein level ( P < 0.05). The hepatic fractional synthesis rates (FSR) of protein were significantly influenced by both the protein level and the nutritional state (fasted vs. fed) ( P < 0.0001) but not by the CHO level, reaching on average 110%/day, 92%/day, and 83%/day in rats fed the NP, IP, and HP diets, respectively. The FSR of plasma albumin and muscle did not differ between diets, while feeding tended to increase muscle FSR. Proteolysis, especially the proteasome-dependent system, was down-regulated in the fed state in the liver when protein content increased. Insulin decreased with the CHO level in the diet. Our results reveal that excess dietary protein lowers hepatic constitutive, but not exported, protein synthesis rates, independently of the other macronutrients, and related changes in insulin levels. This response was observed at the moderate levels of protein intake (33%) that are plausible in a context of human consumption.

Effect of dietary protein level and salinity on growth, survival, enzymatic activities and amino-acid composition of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) juveniles

Crustaceana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Sui ◽  
Guannan Ma ◽  
Yuangao Deng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) postlarvae with average initial body weight of 0.089 g were reared in 75-litre PVC tanks for 40 days at salinities of 30 and 60 g l−1. The shrimps were fed compound feed containing protein levels of 35, 40, 45 and 50%, respectively. Salinity had a remarkable effect on growth and survival of L. vannamei juveniles. Higher survival rate and lower growth were observed at 60 g l−1 salinity. Dietary protein level affected the survival and growth of juveniles at both salinities, increased with dietary protein levels in the range of 35 to 45%, but decreased slightly with 50% dietary protein. Broken line analysis showed that the estimated optimal dietary protein levels at salinities of 30 and 60 g l−1 were 45.93 and 46.74%, respectively. Higher salinity resulted in an increased moisture content, ash and crude protein content in the shrimp muscle tissue. The amino acid contents in the shrimp muscle tissue were generally higher at 60 g l−1 salinity and increased dietary protein level led to higher protein content, except with 50% dietary protein. At salinity 60 g l−1, the soluble protein content and activities of glutamic oxalacetic transferase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in shrimp muscle tissue were higher, while catalase (CAT) activities were lower. Farming of L. vannamei at a marginal culture salinity (60 g l−1) is feasible though the shrimps were likely exposed to stressful conditions. Reduced growth rate at higher salinity may be attributed to the higher total ammonium (TAN) concentration in the culture medium and extra energy consumption for osmoregulation at hypersaline conditions.

The Cortez flounder Paralichthys aestuarius as a candidate species for aquaculture: First report on growth in captivity in response to varying dietary protein levels

Aquaculture ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 420-421 ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra L. González-Félix ◽  
Christian Minjarez-Osorio ◽  
Martin Perez-Velazquez ◽  
Guadalupe M. Suárez-Jiménez ◽  
Germán E. Ibarra-Garcíaparra
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
First Report ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Candidate Species ◽  
In Captivity

Lobster Nutrition: The Effect on Homarus americanus of Dietary Protein Levels

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Castell ◽  
S. D. Budson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Molt Cycle ◽  
Protein Levels

Adult American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were fed artificial diets ranging between 0 and 60% protein and made isocaloric by adjusting the content of cornstarch. Those fed the highest level of protein were in the best condition; each decrease in protein resulted in a poorer condition of the lobsters. When lobsters were fed diets at the maintenance level of 0.5% of the body weight in food per day, decreasing the dietary protein content resulted in increasing weight loss and decreasing molt incidence, serum protein content, percent edible meat, heart weight, hepatopancreas and gonad weights, and increased moisture content of several tissues. Although the serum glucose level was dependent upon the cornstarch content of the diet, the glycogen content of the hepatopancreas was not affected by dietary starch levels. The glycogen content of the hepatopancreas showed a very large range of values when protein was omitted from the diet.A relationship between serum calcium level and molt cycle was demonstrated. Serum calcium values went from an average of 50 mg% after molting to over 70 mg% 1 mo before molting.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Protein on Growth, Survival and Cannibalism of Larval Striped Snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIRONJIB SINGHA SAMANTA CHANDAN ◽  
PUJA ROY ◽  
FAHIMA KHATUN ◽  
NIRMAL CHANDRA ROY
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Channa Striata ◽  
Commercial Feeds

The available commercial feeds in Bangladesh for fish larvae, including striped snakehead, (Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)), lack crude protein content. Therefore, for the proper biological well-being of striped snakehead larvae, formulating a protein-rich diet is necessary. The present experiment aimed to study the effect of three formulated isocaloric diets with varying levels of protein content on growth, survival, cannibalism, and mortality in striped snakehead (29 ± 3 mg of mean weight) weaning by rearing for 4 weeks. Three experimental groups depending on the dietary crude protein (CP 35 %, CP 40 %, and CP 45 %) were done in triplicate. Growth parameters (weight and length gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio) indicated better growth and feed utilisation in larvae fed CP 45 %, followed by 40 % and 35 % (P < 0.05). However, survival was not significantly different comparing the experimental groups. The cannibalism was maximum in CP 45 %, compared to 35 % and 40 %, most probably due to higher size heterogeneity, also confirmed by the co-efficient of variation in fish size. The observed mortality (not cannibalism) was higher in the group with lower protein (CP 35%) attributable to comparatively low feed intake and utilisation. Overall, the higher dietary protein levels demonstrated comparatively higher growth, possibly indicating the importance of increased protein content in snakehead larval feed.

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