Effect of dietary protein levels on reproductive development and distribution of amino acids in the body tissues of femalePangasianodon hypophthalmus(Sauvage, 1878) broodstock in captivity

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1736-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Anamul Kabir ◽  
Alireza Ghaedi ◽  
Allah Dad Talpur ◽  
Roshada Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
In Captivity

scholarly journals Penambahan Lisin pada Pakan Komersial terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Energi Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum) [Lysine Addition on Commercial Feed to the Protein Retention and Energy Retention Colossoma macropomum]

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afifa Khalida ◽  
Agustono Agustono ◽  
Widya Paramita
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Range Test

                                                                   AbstrakAsam amino adalah komponen terkecil yang menyusun protein. Sejumlah asam amino akan dihubungkan satu sama lain melalui perantara ikatan peptida untuk membentuk protein. Asam amino telah dibagi menjadi dua; yaitu asam amino esensial dan asam amino non-esensial. Asam amino esensial adalah asam amino yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh ikan; karena itu asam amino esensial harus ada dalam pakan. Lisin adalah salah satu dari sepuluh asam amino esensial, fungsi lisin adalah untuk pertumbuhan dan perbaikan jaringan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lisin dalam pakan komersial terhadap retensi protein dan retensi energi ikan bawal air tawar. Metode yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kadar lisin yang berbeda, yaitu P0 (0%), P1 (0,6%), P2 (1,2%), P3 (2,4%), P4 (4,8%) dan perlakuan  diulang 4 kali. Parameter utama yang diamati adalah retensi protein dan retensi energi pada air tawar bawal. Parameter yang diukur didukung oleh parameter kualitas air. Analisis data menggunakan Analisis Varian (ANOVA) dan untuk menentukan perlakuan terbaik digunakan Duncan's multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p <0,05) dalam retensi protein dan energi adalah daging ikan bawal air tawar. Retensi protein dan retensi energi dalam pengobatan P1 (0,6% lisin), P2 (1,2% lisin), P3 (2,4% lisin) dan P4 (4,8% lisin) berbeda secara signifikan dengan perlakuan P0 (kontrol). Kualitas air selama 40 hari perlakuan ditetapkan pada suhu 27-300 C, pH 7,5-8,5, amonia 4 mg / l dan oksigen terlarut 4 mg / l.                                                                 AbstractAmino acids are the smallest components that compose proteins. A number of amino acids will be conducted to one another through the intermediary of peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids have divided into two; those are essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. The essential amino acids are amino acids that can not be synthesized by the body of fish; therefore the essential amino acids must be in feed. Lysine is one of the ten essentials amino acids , the function of lysine are for the growth and repair body tissues. This research was aimed to determine the effect of lysine in commercial feed on protein retention and energy retention of freshwater Bawal.The method used is experiment with a completely randomized design as an experimental design. The treatment used is different lysine levels , namely P0 ( 0 % ) , P1 ( 0.6 % ) , P2 ( 1.2 % ) , P3 ( 2.4 % ) , P4 (4.8 % ) and treatment was repeated 4 times. The main parameters were observed protein retention and energy retention on Bawal fresh water. Parameters measured were supported by water quality parameters. Analysis of the data using Analysis of Varian ( ANOVA ) and to determine the best treatment used Duncan 's multiple range test. The results showed the significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) in protein retention and energy were freshwater pomfret fish meat. Retention of protein and energy retention in treatment P1 ( 0.6 % lysine ) , P2 ( 1.2 % lysine ) , P3 ( 2.4 % lysine ) and P4 ( 4.8 % lysine ) was significantly different with treatment P0 ( control ). The quality of water for 40 days treatment was set to temperature 27-300 C, pH 7.5-8.5, ammonia 4 mg/l and dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l.

The effects of dietary protein content on growth and maturation in deer mice

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1822-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G McAdam ◽  
John S Millar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Nestling Growth ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Isocaloric Diets

Growth and female maturation appear to be limited by the availability of dietary protein in natural populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus borealis) in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. We examined the effects of dietary protein content on nestling growth rates and sexual maturation of female deer mice in two laboratory experiments. In the first, mice whose mothers were fed a low-protein mixture of sunflower seeds and oats (14% protein) exhibited slow growth prior to weaning and those fed high-protein cat food (30% protein) postweaning showed compensatory growth. Preweaning but not postweaning diet quality affected the proportion of females who were sexually mature at 42 days of age. Therefore, while deficient nestling growth can be compensated for, the effects of a low-quality maternal diet during lactation may have lasting effects on the maturation of female offspring. In the second experiment, mice raised on isocaloric diets of 14, 20, and 30% protein did not differ in growth as nestlings or juveniles. Differences among the three diets in the proportion of mature females at 42 days did not correspond to dietary protein levels as predicted. Dietary protein content from 14 to 30% appear to be sufficient for juvenile mice raised in captivity.

Utilisation of the end products of ruminant digestion

1957 ◽  
Vol 1957 ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Armstrong ◽  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
End Products

The work of the late Sir Joseph Barcroft and his collaborators (see Elsden & Phillipson, 1948) left little doubt that, in ruminants, the end products of the bacterial dissimilation of dietary carbohydrate included large amounts of the steam-volatile fatty acids—acetic, propionic and butyric acids. More recently, el Shazly (1952a, b) has shown that the steam-volatile fatty acids also arise together with ammonia during the bacterial breakdown of amino-acids in the rumen. Studies by Pfander & Phillipson (1953) and Schambye (1955) further indicate that the acids are absorbed from the digestive tract in amounts that suggest they make a major contribution to the energy requirement of the animal. Quantitative data relative to the amounts absorbed, however, are difficult to obtain. Carroll & Hungate (1954) have calculated that in cattle some 6,000-12,000 Cal. of energy are available from the acids produced by fermentation in the rumen. With sheep, Phillipson & Cuthbertson (1956) have calculated from the results of Schambye (1951a, b; 1955) that at least 600-1,200 Cal. of energy in the form of steam-volatile fatty acids could be absorbed every 24 hrs. Since the fasting heat production of the steer is about 6,500 Cal./24 hrs. and that of the sheep about 1,100 Cal./24 hrs. it is clear that if the fatty acids can be utilised efficiently by the body tissues, they could make a major contribution to the energy requirements, at least those for maintenance.

scholarly journals Absorptive transport of amino acids by the rat colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G189-G202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Chen ◽  
Meredith M. Dinges ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Scott E. Cramer ◽  
Cynthia K. Larive ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Colonic Epithelium ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Body Tissues

The capacity of the colon to absorb microbially produced amino acids (AAs) and the underlying mechanisms of AA transport are incompletely defined. We measured the profile of 16 fecal AAs along the rat ceco-colonic axis and compared unidirectional absorptive AA fluxes across mucosal tissues isolated from the rat jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon using an Ussing chamber approach, in conjunction with 1H-NMR and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chemical analyses. Passage of stool from cecum to midcolon was associated with segment-specific changes in fecal AA composition and a decrease in total AA content. Simultaneous measurement of up to 16 AA fluxes under native luminal conditions, with correction for endogenous AA release, demonstrated absorptive transfer of AAs across the cecum and proximal colon at rates comparable (30–80%) to those across the jejunum, with significant Na+-dependent and H+-stimulated components. Expression profiling of 30 major AA transporter genes by quantitative PCR revealed comparatively high levels of transcripts for 20 AA transporters in the cecum and/or colon, with the levels of 12 exceeding those in the small intestine. Our results suggest a more detailed model of major apical and basolateral AA transporters in rat colonocytes and provide evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of AAs across the colonic epithelium that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of microbially generated amino acids across the colonic epithelium under physiological conditions that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. The segment-specific expression of at least 20 amino acid transporter genes along the colon provides a detailed mechanistic basis for uniport, heteroexchange, Na+-cotransport, and H+-cotransport components of colonic amino acid absorption.

scholarly journals Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Lipid Metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 2524S-2531S ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois Blachier ◽  
Mireille Andriamihaja ◽  
Anne Blais
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Increased Risk

ABSTRACT The metabolism of methionine and cysteine in the body tissues determines the concentrations of several metabolites with various biologic activities, including homocysteine, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), taurine, and glutathione. Hyperhomocysteinemia, which is correlated with lower HDL cholesterol in blood in volunteers and animal models, has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. In humans, the relation between methionine intake and hyperhomocysteinemia is dependent on vitamin status (vitamins B-6 and B-12 and folic acid) and on the supply of other amino acids. However, lowering homocysteinemia by itself is not sufficient for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease progression. Other compounds related to methionine metabolism have recently been identified as being involved in the risk of atherosclerosis and steatohepatitis. Indeed, the metabolism of sulfur amino acids has an impact on phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism, and anomalies in PC synthesis due to global hypomethylation have been associated with disturbances of lipid metabolism. In addition, impairment of H2S synthesis from cysteine favors atherosclerosis and steatosis in animal models. The effects of taurine on lipid metabolism appear heterogeneous depending on the populations of volunteers studied. A decrease in the concentration of intracellular glutathione, a tripeptide involved in redox homeostasis, is implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and steatosis. Last, supplementation with betaine, a compound that allows remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, decreases basal and methionine-stimulated homocysteinemia; however, it adversely increases plasma total and LDL cholesterol. The study of these metabolites may help determine the range of optimal and safe intakes of methionine and cysteine in dietary proteins and supplements. The amino acid requirement for protein synthesis in different situations and for optimal production of intracellular compounds involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism also needs to be considered for dietary attenuation of atherosclerosis and steatosis risk.

scholarly journals The effect of replacement of fish meal with Amino Acids and Optimized Protein Levels in the diet of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
A-W. Abdel-Warith ◽  
N. Al-Asgah ◽  
Y. El-Sayed ◽  
A. El-Otaby ◽  
S. Mahboob
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract This study was conducted to determine an appropriate replacement of fishmeal with amino acids (AAs) and optimized protein levels in practical diets for Oreochromis niloticus with mean initial body weight 12.52±0.63g. Six experimental and a control diet (total 7 diets) divided into two groups, and a control diet (D1) containing 32% protein. The first group contained three diets that included different dietary protein levels, viz. 20 (D2), 25 (D3), and 30% (D4) with AAs when replacing fishmeal by plant protein sources. In the second group, the diets were contained 20 (D5), 25 (D6), and 30% (D7) without AAs. The best growth performance was achieved in fish fed with diet D1. Total feed intake was increased with an increase in dietary protein level with AAs. The specific growth rate showed a similar pattern with a significant difference between control, D4 and D7 compared to other groups. The feed conversion ratio decreased when protein levels in the diets increased. The protein efficiency ratio showed a similar performance, with a slight increase between the control diet and diets with AAs. However, insignificant differences (P>0.05) were observed between diets with and without AAs. An economic evaluation indicated that inclusion of low fishmeal in tilapia diets reduced the price/kg of diets compared to control.

Effects of low protein diets on performance of pigs with a lean genotype between 40 and 115 kg liveweight

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bunger ◽  
N. R. Lambe ◽  
K. McLean ◽  
G. Cesaro ◽  
G. A. Walling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein

The aim of the work was to assess the effects of three dietary protein regimes on pig performance and nitrogen (N) excretion, in particular, whether performance can be maintained in lean, fast growing pigs when protein levels are reduced to limit N excretion. Entire male pigs of a lean genotype (Pietrain × Large White × Landrace), 192 in total in four batches, were grown from 40 to 115 kg in pens with four pigs per pen. The diets were: (i) a high-protein control regime; (ii) a low-protein regime in which protein was reduced by ~2 percentage units in each growth stage, but with levels of five essential amino acids the same as in the control (LP1); (iii) an even lower protein regime in which levels of essential amino acids were not maintained beyond 60 kg (LP2). The LP2 regime was designed to promote intramuscular fat deposition rather than efficient growth. Excretion of N was reduced by 17% and 19% in LP1 and LP2, respectively, compared with the control. Average daily gain was lower and feed conversion ratio higher in LP2 than the other regimes, as expected. The control and LP1, which differed in protein but not essential amino acid levels, produced broadly similar results for performance, but pigs in LP1 had poorer feed conversion than control pigs, which could be due to slightly greater fat deposition. The results show the difficulty in maintaining consistently high levels of performance in fast-growing, lean pigs when dietary protein levels are reduced.

A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Tanvir ◽  
R Afroz ◽  
MAZ Chowdhury ◽  
SH Gan ◽  
N Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Test Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Biochemical Indices

This study investigated the main target sites of chlorpyrifos (CPF), its effect on biochemical indices, and the pathological changes observed in rat liver and kidney function using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Adult female Wistar rats ( n = 12) were randomly assigned into two groups (one control and one test group; n = 6 each). The test group received CPF via oral gavage for 21 days at 5 mg/kg daily. The distribution of CPF was determined in various organs (liver, brain, heart, lung, kidney, ovary, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle), urine and stool samples using GCMS. Approximately 6.18% of CPF was distributed in the body tissues, and the highest CPF concentration (3.80%) was found in adipose tissue. CPF also accumulated in the liver (0.29%), brain (0.22%), kidney (0.10%), and ovary (0.03%). Approximately 83.60% of CPF was detected in the urine. CPF exposure resulted in a significant increase in plasma transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels, a significant reduction in total protein levels and an altered lipid profile. Oxidative stress due to CPF administration was also evidenced by a significant increase in liver malondialdehyde levels. The detrimental effects of CPF on kidney function consisted of a significant increase in plasma urea and creatinine levels. Liver and kidney histology confirmed the observed biochemical changes. In conclusion, CPF bioaccumulates over time and exerts toxic effects on animals.

Fermentation and Metabolism of Dietary Protein by Intestinal Microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 807-811
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Xi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microorganisms ◽  
Protein Levels

Dietary protein is linked to the intestinal microorganisms. The decomposition of dietary protein can provide nutrients for microbial growth, which in turn can ferment protein to produce some metabolites. This review elaborates that the effects of different protein levels and types on intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites fermented by intestinal microorganisms, as well as the effects of these metabolites on organisms. It is well known that intestinal microbial imbalance can cause some diseases. Dietary protein supplementation can alter the composition of intestinal microorganisms and thus regulates the body health. However, protein can also produce some harmful metabolites. Therefore, how to rationally supplement protein is particularly important.

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