Effects of fasting and refeeding on body composition of captive gray wolves (Canis lupus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1549-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Kreeger ◽  
G. D. DelGiudice ◽  
L. D. Mech
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Fasting And Refeeding ◽  
Water Dilution

We examined the effects of fasting and refeeding on body composition in 9 captive adult gray wolves, Canis lupus (6 males, 3 females), during May–June 1995. Body composition was estimated by the technique of tritiated water dilution. Wolves were immobilized and weighed, base-line blood samples were taken, tritiated water was injected, and additional blood samples were taken before fasting, after 10 d of fasting, and again after 2 d of refeeding. Male wolves lost 8% (P = 0.0001) and females lost 7% body mass (P = 0.01) during the 10 d. Males lost 54% of this mass in water, 28% in fat, and 18% in protein/ash; females lost 58% in water, 20% in fat, and 22% in protein/ash. Upon refeeding, male wolves consumed an average of 6.8 kg (15.3% body mass) of deer meat per day and females consumed 6.4 kg (18.7% body mass). All wolves regained their initial mass. Males regained 24% of this mass in water, 70% in fat, and 6% in protein/ash; females regained 35% in water, 51% in fat, and 14% in protein/ash. This study provided evidence that after prolonged fasting, captive wolves could quickly and efficiently regain lost body mass after refeeding.

Body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Hilderbrand ◽  
H.N. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Water Dilution

We used deuterium water dilution to estimate body composition of free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) in the Nelchina Basin, Alaska. Body mass differed between sexes throughout the year but did not vary within sex. Mean fat mass and mean energy content were highest in both sexes in the spring. Mean lean mass was lowest in both sexes in the spring. Body mass and lean body mass were positively related to animal age in both males and females up to age 6–8 years. There was no relationship between body fat content and animal age in either sex except in older animals. Thus, growth beyond age 2 consists primarily of lean mass. Body mass of reproductively active females was greater than nonreproductively active females in the spring but not in summer or fall. Deuterium should be allowed to circulate in the wolf for at least 120 min to ensure complete equilibration regardless of season, sex, age, or reproductive status.

Reproductive effort of male hooded seals (Cystophora cristata): estimates from mass loss

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1521-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit M. Kovacs ◽  
Christian Lydersen ◽  
Mike Hammill ◽  
David M. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Day Range ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Cystophora Cristata

This study investigated mass loss, body composition, and behaviour patterns of male hooded seals during the reproductive season. During the 6 years of study (between 1989 and 1995), 139 records of male mass were obtained that involved 115 individuals. Body masses of males ranged from 147 to 434 kg. Mean mass at first capture was 312.5 ± 53.0 kg (N = 119). Year, date of sampling, and age all significantly influenced mass. Nineteen males were recaptured at least twice during a single season. Mean rate of mass loss among these individuals was 2.5 ± 1.1 kg/day (range 0.7–4.6 kg/day). Body composition early in the breeding season, measured using tritiated water (N = 6), produced mean estimates of 51.6 ± 1.6% water, 29.3 ± 2.4% fat, 16.9 ± 0.7% protein, and 1.9 ± 0.2% ash. Time–depth recorders attached to three males indicated that they spent 84.7 ± 15.4% of their time hauled out on the surface of the ice during the breeding season. Each of these males was on the ice for a few days; they then spent a few hours at sea before returning to the ice surface. Mean dive depth was only 14.1 ± 3.2 m (maximum 66 m) and mean dive duration was only 1.7 ± 0.3 min (maximum 28 min). Extrapolating mean daily rates of body mass loss to encompass a 2.5-week breeding season, males would lose an average of 44 kg, which represents 14% of their mean body mass. Compared with values for males of other phocid species this value is conservative. It appears that the short breeding season among hooded seals is energetically advantageous for both sexes.

Can tritiated water-dilution space accurately predict total body water in chukar partridges?

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1383-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Crum ◽  
J. B. Williams ◽  
K. A. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Constant Mass ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Dilution ◽  
Chukar Partridges

Total body water (TBW) volumes determined from the dilution space of injected tritiated water have consistently overestimated actual water volumes (determined by desiccation to constant mass) in reptiles and mammals, but results for birds are controversial. We investigated potential errors in both the dilution method and the desiccation method in an attempt to resolve this controversy. Tritiated water dilution yielded an accurate measurement of water mass in vitro. However, in vivo, this method yielded a 4.6% overestimate of the amount of water (3.1% of live body mass) in chukar partridges, apparently largely because of loss of tritium from body water to sites of dissociable hydrogens on body solids. An additional source of overestimation (approximately 2% of body mass) was loss of tritium to the solids in blood samples during distillation of blood to obtain pure water for tritium analysis. Measuring tritium activity in plasma samples avoided this problem but required measurement of, and correction for, the dry matter content in plasma. Desiccation to constant mass by lyophilization or oven-drying also overestimated the amount of water actually in the bodies of chukar partridges by 1.4% of body mass, because these values included water adsorbed onto the outside of feathers. When desiccating defeathered carcasses, oven-drying at 70 degrees C yielded TBW values identical to those obtained from lyophilization, but TBW was overestimated (0.5% of body mass) by drying at 100 degrees C due to loss of organic substances as well as water.

A new perspective on adiposity in a naturally obese mammal

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (6) ◽  
pp. E1347-E1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy M. Ortiz ◽  
Dawn P. Noren ◽  
Beate Litz ◽  
C. Leo Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Elephant Seal ◽  
Mirounga Angustirostris ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Northern Elephant Seal ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Water Dilution

Many mammals seasonally reduce body fat due to inherent periods of fasting, which is associated with decreased leptin concentrations. However, no data exist on the correlation between fat mass (FM) and circulating leptin in marine mammals, which have evolved large fat stores as part of their adaptation to periods of prolonged fasting. Therefore, FM was estimated (by tritiated water dilution), and serum leptin and cortisol were measured in 40 northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris) pups early (<1 wk postweaning) and late (6–8 wk postweaning) during their natural, postweaning fast. Body mass (BM) and FM were reduced late; however, percent FM (early: 43.9 ± 0.5, late: 45.5 ± 0.5%) and leptin [early: 2.9 ± 0.1 ng/ml human equivalents (HE), late: 3.0 ± 0.1 ng/ml HE] did not change. Cortisol increased between early (9.2 ± 0.5 μg/dl) and late (16.3 ± 0.9 μg/dl) periods and was significantly and negatively correlated with BM ( r = 0.426; P < 0.0001) and FM ( r = 0.328; P = 0.003). FM and percent FM were not correlated ( P > 0.10) with leptin at either period. The present study suggests that these naturally obese mammals appear to possess a novel cascade for regulating body fat that includes cortisol. The lack of a correlation between leptin and FM may reflect the different functions of fat between terrestrial and marine mammals.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

scholarly journals Changes in Children’s Body Composition and Posture during Puberty Growth

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rusek ◽  
Joanna Baran ◽  
Justyna Leszczak ◽  
Marzena Adamczyk ◽  
Rafał Baran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pelvic Obliquity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Older Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The main goal of our study was to determine how the age of children, puberty and anthropometric parameters affect the formation of body composition and faulty body posture development in children. The secondary goal was to determine in which body segments abnormalities most often occur and how gender differentiates the occurrence of adverse changes in children’s body posture and body composition during puberty. The study group consisted of 464 schoolchildren aged from 6–16. Body posture was assessed with the Zebris system. The composition of the body mass was tested with Tanita MC 780 MA body mass analyzer and the body height was measured using a portable stadiometer PORTSTAND 210. The participants were further divided due to the age of puberty. Tanner division was adopted. The cut-off age for girls is ≥10 years and for boys it is ≥12 years. The analyses applied descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and the t-test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05. The pelvic obliquity was lower in older children (beta = −0.15). We also see that age played a significant role in the difference in the height of the right pelvis (beta = −0.28), and the difference in the height of the right shoulder (beta = 0.23). Regression analysis showed that the content of adipose tissue (FAT%) increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with increasing weight, age, and height. Moreover, the FAT% was lower in boys than in girls (beta negative equal to −0.39). It turned out that older children (puberty), had greater asymmetry in the right shoulder blade (p < 0.001) and right shoulder (p = 0.003). On the other hand, younger children (who were still before puberty) had greater anomalies in the left trunk inclination (p = 0.048) as well as in the pelvic obliquity (p = 0.008). Girls in puberty were characterized by greater asymmetry on the right side, including the shoulders (p = 0.001), the scapula (p = 0.001) and the pelvis (p < 0.001). In boys, the problem related only to the asymmetry of the shoulder blades (p < 0.001). Girls were characterized by a greater increase in adipose tissue and boys by muscle tissue. Significant differences also appeared in the body posture of the examined children. Greater asymmetry within scapulas and shoulders were seen in children during puberty. Therefore, a growing child should be closely monitored to protect them from the adverse consequences of poor posture or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body.

scholarly journals Sex differences in leptin and cardiometabolic profile after exercise intervention in physically inactive adults with primary hypertension and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SMM Maldonado-Martin ◽  
PC Corres ◽  
AMAB Martinezaguirre-Betolaza ◽  
BJI Jurio-Iriarte ◽  
MTE Tous-Espelosin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physically Inactive

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University of the Basque Country OnBehalf GIKAFIT PURPOSES. To analyse the change on leptin, body composition, blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and some biochemical parameters in physically inactive women and men with primary hypertension (HTN) and obesity, and to evaluate the potential sex differences in the change after intervention. METHODS. Participants (n = 37 women, n= 40 men, 52.9 ± 6.9 yrs) from the EXERDIET-HTA study were randomized into attention control group (physical activity recommendations) or one of three supervised aerobic exercise groups [two days/week: high-volume (HV) with 45 min of moderate-intensity continuous training, HV and high-intensity interval training (HV-HIIT), and low volume-HIIT (LV-HIIT, 20 min)]. All participants received the same hypocaloric diet. All variables were assessed pre and post intervention (16 weeks). 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring was used to analyze systolic and diastolic BP. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). RESULTS. Following the intervention, there were increments (P &lt; 0.01) in CRF by VO2peak (Women, W = 21.1 ± 3.7 vs. 24.6 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, Men, M = 26.3 ± 6.0 vs. 33.1 ± 10.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) and decreases (P &lt; 0.05) in leptin (W = 49.5 ± 23.0 vs. 41.8 ± 19.9 ng/mL, M = 20.5 ± 14.8 vs. 12.9 ± 18.6 ng/mL), body mass (W = 84.7 ± 12.1 vs. 80.3 ± 11.5 kg, M = 97.9 ± 14.4 vs. 91.5 ± 13.3 kg), waist perimeter (W = 97.3 ± 10.7 vs. 94.3 ± 10.9 cm, M = 107.9 ± 8.7 vs. 101.5 ± 7.9 cm), fat mass (W = 42.3 ± 5.1 vs. 38.6 ± 8.4 %, M = 31.2 ± 5.0 vs. 28.0 ± 4.4 %), systolic BP (M = 136.5 ± 12.1 vs. 129.3 ± 12.5 mmHg), diastolic BP (W = 76.2 ± 8.9 vs. 74.1 ± 8.7 mmHg, M = 79.3 ± 7.2 vs. 75.0 ± 8.2 mmHg), total cholesterol (M = 216.1 ± 44.5 vs. 196.1 ± 35.0 mg/dL), insulin (W = 13.4 ± 7.9 vs. 9.4 ± 4.2 mU/L) values. There were significant between-sex differences in body mass (W=-5.2%, M=-6.5%, effect size, ES = 0.073), waist circumference (W=-3.1%, M=-5.9%, ES = 0.114), and VO2peak (W = 14.2%, M = 20.5%, ES = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS. Aerobic exercise along with hypocaloric diet is an effective non-pharmacological tool to induce beneficial changes in women and men in BP and leptin as a mediator of obesity-induced HTN, and other regulatory mechanisms such as body composition, CRF and biochemical profile. The found sex-related differences could confirm the need of individual non-pharmacological strategies.

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