Time-budget variations in relation to density-dependent social interactions in female and yearling male fallow deer during the rut

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Pélabon ◽  
Petr E. Komers
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Male Density

We investigated time-budget variations among female and yearling (socially immature 1.5-year-old) male fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rutting season in six captive populations in central Sweden. The effects of population density, male density, and operational sex ratio on time budgets were analyzed. Although no differences were apparent before the rut, populations differed in the time budgets of females and yearling males during the rut. During this period, the time spent by females in feeding and resting activities of yearling males decreased with increasing population density, whereas feeding and resting activities of yearling males decreased with increasing male density. Behaviour of adult males during the rut and interactions of adult males with other animals appeared to be the principal factors affecting the time budgets of both females and yearling males. Our results show that density-dependent effects may occur through social interactions alone, regardless of the effects on resource depletion. The decrease in the proportion of time spent in restoring (lying and grazing) behaviours represents an energy cost for both females and young males. Given the timing of the rut just before the winter, this cost may negatively effect the condition of individuals.

scholarly journals Juvenile Experience with Male Cues Triggers Cryptic Choice Mechanisms in Adult Female Redback Spiders

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Maydianne C. B. Andrade ◽  
Aiswarya Baskaran ◽  
Maria Daniela Biaggio ◽  
Maria Modanu
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Volatile Chemicals ◽  
Male Density ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Choosiness

Female choice may be linked to population density if the expected encounter rates with potential mates affects choosiness (the energy and risk engaged to express mate preferences). Choosiness should covary with male availability, which could be assessed using the social cues available during development. We tested whether the exposure of juvenile females to cues of male density affected the mechanisms of choosiness of adult Latrodectus hasselti spiders in two experiments simulating natural contexts. The juvenile females were exposed to (1) volatile chemicals from two densities of adult males (airborne cues), and (2) tactile, vibrational and chemical cues from adult males or other females (cohabitation cues). As adults, the females mated readily, regardless of the treatment, but there was strong evidence for post-copulatory mechanisms of choosiness in females exposed to cues of high male availability. These included abbreviated matings (in both experiments), cannibalism of the males before the mating was complete (cohabitation), and, remarkably, a reduction in the successful placement of internal sperm plugs (cohabitation). These shifts decrease the likelihood that the first mate would monopolize paternity if the female chose to mate again. We conclude that female choosiness may impose a strong selection on males despite the high mating rates, and these effects can hinge on the cues of male availability detected by juveniles.

Time budgets and synchrony of activities in muskoxen: the influence of sex, age, and season

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1628-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steeve D. Côté ◽  
James A. Schaefer ◽  
François Messier
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Ovibos Moschatus ◽  
Group Type ◽  
June July ◽  
Victoria Island

Synchrony of activities and time budgets of age–sex classes of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) was studied on Victoria Island in the Canadian High Arctic during late winter (April – late May), spring (late May – early June) and summer (mid-June – July). As revealed by the kappa (κ) coefficient of agreement, herd members exhibited significant synchrony in 79 of 82 groups. The degree of synchrony was not related to group size in mixed herds but decreased with group size in bachelor herds. Diversity in age–sex classes, group type (mixed versus bachelor), and season did not affect synchrony. However, synchrony was less among adult males than among other age–sex classes. Muskoxen were more synchronised at the start of activity bouts than at the end. As revealed by principal components analysis, calves tended to spend more time lying and standing and less time feeding than other age–sex classes. In addition, males in bachelor groups tended to feed more and rest less than males in mixed herds. Duration of active and lying bouts was not affected by age–sex class. Length of active bouts did not change with season, but lying bouts decreased in length significantly from late winter to spring and from spring to summer. We suggest that synchrony of activities maintains group cohesion but constrains the time budget of some group members, especially adult males.

scholarly journals Activity time budget patterns of sheep and goats co-grazing on semi-natural species-rich dry grassland

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pokorná ◽  
P. Hejcmanová ◽  
M. Hejcman ◽  
V. Pavlů
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Time ◽  
Dry Grassland ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Grassland Community ◽  
Perennial Plant

Activity time budget patterns and grazing response to sward and environmental conditions were investigated for paddocks of sheep and goats co-grazing for conservation purposes on a semi-natural species-rich dry grassland community endangered by shrub and tall perennial plant encroachment in a protected nature reserve in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Grazing was conducted by a rotational stocking system for 14 weeks in late grazing season in 2008 with 60 dry ewes and 20 goats. Twelve ewes and four goats were observed; grazing, ruminating, idling and other activities (salt licking, social interactions, walking), along with topographical position in the paddock were recorded at 5-minute intervals within 14 hours of daylight. Sheep and goats did not differ in their principal activity time budgets, such as the average total daylight time spent grazing (sheep: 8.57 h, goats: 8.59 h), ruminating (sheep: 1.42 h, goats: 1.44 h), or idling (sheep: 3.23 h, goats: 3.18 h), the duration of bouts of each activity, or the number of bouts of grazing and ruminating. There was no pattern in activity time budgets indicating dynamics in progressing season, nor was there a response to daily average temperature or to paddock size. Sheep and goats showed similar responses to groundcover of particular plant functional types. The animals showed a positive trend in response of total daylight grazing time to grass available biomass and a negative response of total daylight grazing time to herbaceous biomass for both sheep and goats. The total daylight grazing time was independent of availability of woody plants. Goats devoted more time (1.51 h) to other activities than sheep (1.34 h), especially to social interactions and salt licking. On the other hand, sheep spent proportionally more time walking. Both sheep and goats showed similar patterns in spatial use of paddocks on hill slopes, spending the most time in the middle part and the least time in the lower part of paddocks. 

Diurnal time budget of the mouflon (Ovis musimon) on the Kerguelen archipelago: influence of food resources, age, and sex

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1828-1834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Moncorps ◽  
Patrick Boussès ◽  
Denis Réale ◽  
Jean-Louis Chapuis
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Ovis Musimon ◽  
Kerguelen Archipelago ◽  
Age And Sex

The population of introduced mouflons on the Kerguelen subantarctic archipelago (Indian Ocean) is characterized by a demographic cycle marked by rapid variations in density. The diurnal time budgets of the different age–sex classes were compared between two consecutive summers separated by a winter with a massive die-off. Following the drastic reduction in population density between 1994 (100–110 individuals/km2) and 1995 (40–50 individuals/km2), mouflons spent less time foraging, while the time devoted to rest did not differ significantly. This difference is explained by an increase in food availability that allowed the animals to become satiated more rapidly. Although the time spent resting did not differ between the two summers, shorter foraging phases may explain the occurrence of a more polymodal rhythm for these two activities when range conditions improved. Our results indicate that even during the summer period of relative food abundance, the diurnal time budget of mouflons is strongly affected by population density. At high population densities, animals may find it more difficult to restore their body condition and reserves, even in summer. This could have contributed to the high mortality rate observed the following winter.

scholarly journals Male density, a signal for population self-regulation in Alligator sinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1900) ◽  
pp. 20190191
Author(s):  
Lan Zhao ◽  
Li-Ming Fang ◽  
Qiu-Hong Wan ◽  
Sheng-Guo Fang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Lag Effect ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Reproduction Costs ◽  
Alligator Sinensis

The regulation of population density is suggested to be indirect and occurs with a time-lag effect, as well as being female centred. Herein, we present a quantitative analysis on the precise, timely and male-dominated self-regulation of Chinese alligator ( Alligator sinensis ) populations. Analysis of 31 years of data revealed gender differences in regulation patterns. Population dynamics were restricted by male density rather than population density, and population growth was halted (birth rate = 0) when male density exceeded 83.14 individuals per hectare, until some males were removed, especially adult males. This rapid and accurate response supports the notions of intrinsic mechanisms and population-wide regulation response. Furthermore, density stress affected mating success rather than parental care to juveniles, i.e. females avoided unnecessary reproduction costs, which may represent an evolutionary advantage. Our findings highlighted the importance of further studies on related physiological mechanisms that focus on four characteristics: quantity breeds quality, gender differences, male density thresholds and nonlinearity.

scholarly journals Size-at-maturity shift in a male-only fishery: factors affecting molt-type outcomes in Newfoundland and Labrador snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell R J Mullowney ◽  
Krista D Baker
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Large Male ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Chionoecetes Opilio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Male Density ◽  
Process Factors

Abstract A sex-asymmetric downward shift in size-at-terminal-molt has recently occurred in males in some portions of the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) snow crab stock range, a first known occurrence for such processes in snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) stocks. This study examines plausible factors promoting the shift in size-at-terminal-molt [synonymous with size-at-maturity (SaM)] including individual size, temperature, population density, and sex ratio. Analyses highlight expanse of cold water and large male density as being significant predictors of molt-type outcomes. A confluence of cold conditions and low density of large males promoted the SaM shift. In turn, the low male density was associated with recently elevated fishery exploitation rates under quota-controlled management. It remains unknown the extent to which the reduction in terminal size reflects a phenotypic vs. genotypic process. Factors affecting skip-molting in male snow crab are investigated, and we find that skip-molting occurs most frequently under extreme cold and high population density conditions. Potential complications arising from altered growth dynamics are discussed. Overall, the results advance knowledge on intraspecific competition processes within snow crab populations and inform fisheries management systems that male-only harvest strategies do not provide full protection from biological harm to aquatic resources through fishing.

Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

Observations on social behaviour of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) during terrestrial haul-out

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Odobenus Rosmarus

Social interactions in walrus herds of mixed sex and age composition were recorded at a haul-out site on the east coast of Bathurst Island, N.W.T., during July–August 1977. Most walruses maintained body contact with at least one other walrus while hauled out on land; herds were usually circular in shape. Adult males, adult females, and immatures all displaced other walruses, and thus entered herds, by jabbing with the tusks. Dominance during agonistic interactions was related to relative tusk length and sex and age of interactants. Behaviour of walruses on land suggested an energetic advantage in mutual body contact, which would be maximized by occupation of interior positions within herds.

Mating success of alternative male phenotypes and evidence for frequency-dependent selection in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 1933-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry A. Berejikian ◽  
Donald M. Van Doornik ◽  
Rob C. Endicott ◽  
Timothy L. Hoffnagle ◽  
Eugene P. Tezak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Male Density ◽  
The Family ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
One Year

As with other species, frequency-dependent selection during reproduction has long been proposed as an important mechanism in maintaining alternative male reproductive phenotypes in Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.). Jack salmon mature one year earlier than the youngest females in a population and are much smaller than older “adult” males. We tested the hypothesis that mating success of both phenotypes is consistent with the frequency-dependent selection model. By holding male density constant and varying the frequency of adults and jacks in eight separate breeding groups, we found that adult male access to females, participation in spawning events, and adult-to-fry reproductive success increased with their decreasing frequency in a breeding group. Jacks exhibited the same pattern (increasing success with decreasing frequency), although the relationships were not as strong as for adults. Overall, jack and adult males mated with a similar number of females, but jacks sired only 20% of all offspring. Observational data suggested that adult males benefited from sperm precedence associated with their ability to court females and enter the nest first at the time of spawning. Our work provides the first experimental evidence of frequency-dependent selection during mating in the family Salmonidae.

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