Parental-care strategies among muskrats in a female-biased population

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1503-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lui Marinelli ◽  
François Messier

In mammals, parental care is primarily maternal, male participation being influenced by access to mates. We studied parental behaviours of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) in a female-biased free-ranging population over two breeding seasons, with the objective of assessing the plasticity of parental care under differing mating strategies (monogamy versus polygyny). Weaned juveniles received predominantly paternal rather than maternal care, and the care provided was both direct (i.e., food harvesting) and indirect (i.e., burrow maintenance). Parental care appeared to be affected by the multiple mating opportunities available to some males. Polygynous males provided less parental care, presumably because they devoted extra time to pursuing a multiple-mating strategy. However, polygynous males provided care only to the offspring of their first mate (i.e., a mixed reproductive strategy). Females that were secondary mates of polygynous males appeared to compensate for the lack of male assistance by increasing their level of parental care compared with primary females. These results support the view that monogamy constitutes the fundamental social system in muskrats.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 160583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manabi Paul ◽  
Shubhra Sau ◽  
Anjan K. Nandi ◽  
Anindita Bhadra

Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of maternal care behaviour.


2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1459-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Rotundo ◽  
Eduardo Fernandez-Duque ◽  
Alan F. Dixson

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1900) ◽  
pp. 20182789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignas Safari ◽  
Wolfgang Goymann ◽  
Hanna Kokko

Providing parental care often reduces additional mating opportunities. Paternal care becomes easier to understand if trade-offs between mating and caring remain mild. The black coucalCentropus grilliicombines male-only parental care with 50% of all broods containing young sired by another male. To understand how much caring for offspring reduces a male's chance to sire additional young in other males' nests, we matched the production of extra-pair young in each nest with the periods during which potential extra-pair sires were either caring for offspring themselves or when they had no own offspring to care for. We found that males which cared for a clutch were not fully excluded from the pool of competitors for siring young in other males' nests. Instead, the relative siring success showed a temporary dip. Males were approximately 17% less likely to sire young in other males' nests while they were incubating, about 48% less likely to do so while feeding nestlings, followed by 26% when feeding fledglings, compared to the success of males that currently did not care for offspring. These results suggest that real-life care situations by males may involve trade-off structures that differ from, and are less strict than those frequently employed in theoretical considerations of operational sex ratios, sex roles and parenting decisions.


Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seizi Suzuki

There may be a trade-off between parental care and future reproductive success. Parental care usually consists of multiple components, and quantifying the cost of each component is necessary to assess the exact costs of parental care. In this study, I examined the trade-offs associated with maternal care in the earwig Anisolabis maritima (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). I evaluated how many clutches A. maritima can produce and how the number and size of the clutch are affected by maternal care, distinguishing the cost of each component. The interval from the time point at which the mothers were removed from their eggs or young to produce the next clutch differed with treatment, and a significant interaction was observed between the effects of clutch order and presence of care on the size of the next clutch when the first clutch was removed immediately. However, longevity and total lifetime fecundity were not different in the presence or absence of care. This showed that females which were removed from a clutch produced the second or later clutches more rapidly although the clutch sizes were smaller. Because the total lifetime fecundity did not differ, irrespective of the presence or absence of care, it is possible that the costs of such care in A. maritima have a small effect.


1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2401-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Paszkowski ◽  
Bori L. Olla

The behavior of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts was examined under laboratory conditions to determine if the hierarchical–territorial social system characteristic of this species in freshwater persisted in seawater. When held in groups of two to eight fish, hatchery-reared, accelerated underyearling smolts formed hierarchies controlled by a single dominant who was responsible for most of the observed movement, chases, and feeding. Agonistic behavior also occurred within pairs of recently smolted fingerlings from two hatchery stocks with different rearing histories and in groups containing free-ranging fish captured off the Oregon coast. Possible relationships between the observed social behavior and marine distribution patterns of juvenile coho salmon are discussed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Lv ◽  
Zhengwang Zhang ◽  
Frank Groenewoud ◽  
Sjouke A Kingma ◽  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
...  

Abstract In socially monogamous species with bi-parental care, males may face a trade-off between providing parental care and pursuing extra-pair matings. The “parenting-mating trade-off” hypothesis predicts that high-quality males—who have greater potential to gain extra-pair matings, for example, larger males usually win the competition for extra-pair mating—should reduce parental care and spend more time looking for extra-pair matings. However, the trade-off between parenting and mating efforts may be complicated by variation in the availability of extra-pair mating opportunities. By using field data of hair-crested drongos (Dicrurus hottentottus), a species exhibiting bi-parental incubation behavior, collected in central China from 2010 to 2017, we tested whether the potential negative relationship between male quality and paternal care was dependent on the number of nearby fertile females. We found that male drongos mainly seek extra-pair matings during the incubation period and high-quality individuals (males with longer tarsi) are more likely to sire extra-pair offspring. In agreement with the “parenting-mating trade-off” hypothesis, high-quality males incubated less by recessing longer between incubation bouts. However, this was only the case when sufficient fertile females nearby for extra-pair mating opportunities. Females compensated for reduced male care, but this was independent of male quality. This suggests that the reduction in care by high-quality males might be a direct response to extra-pair mating opportunities rather than facilitated by differential allocation of females. Our results indicate that individual quality and available mating opportunities may shape the optimal trade-off between parental care and seeking additional matings for males.


The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail S. Fraser ◽  
Ian L. Jones ◽  
Fiona M. Hunter

Abstract We studied patterns of parental care in Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella), a monogamous seabird, for three breeding seasons (1996–1998) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, using radio-telemetry. In 1996, we found no sexual differences in parental care, low breeding site attendance rates, and reduced occurrences of copepods in food samples delivered to chicks, suggesting that food availability may have been low. In 1997 and 1998, we found significant differences in parental care between males and females, particularly early in the chick-rearing period: males attended and brooded their single chick 75% and 90% longer than females, while females provisioned 33% and 36% more often than males, respectively. We also found significant differences between prey types delivered to chicks by males and females for these two years. Males brought in 30% more euphausiids, a relatively large pelagic crustacean, than females, whereas females brought in 36% more copepods, a smaller crustacean, than males; however, prey mass per load did not differ. In 1998, we experimentally measured how vulnerable unattended young chicks were using models placed in unoccupied crevices. Eighty-three percent of the models showed signs of attack, presumably by conspecific adults. We concluded that unattended Crested Auklet chicks are highly vulnerable to attack. We suggest that males took on a greater role in chick brooding than their mates because they have a larger and more strongly hooked bill and are more aggressive than females, and thus better equipped than females to guard young chicks or the crevice breeding site. Diferencias en el Cuidado Parental entre Machos y Hembras en la Especie Monógama Aethia cristatella Resumen. Utilizando radiotelemetría para estudiar los patrones de cuidado parental en Aethia cristatella, un ave marina monógama, durante tres períodos reproductivos (1996–1998) en las Islas Aleutianas, Alaska. En 1996 no encontramos diferencias sexuales en el cuidado parental, encontramos bajas tasas de presencia en el lugar de nidificación, y baja ocurrencia de copépodos en las muestras de alimento entregadas a los polluelos, lo cual sugiere que la disponibilidad de alimento podría haber sido baja. En 1997 y 1998 encontramos diferencias significativas en el cuidado parental entre hembras y machos, particularmente en el período temprano de cría de los polluelos. Los machos asistieron y empollaron su único polluelo por un período un 75% y 90% más largo que las hembras, mientras que las hembras aprovisionaron con una frecuencia un 33% y 36% mayor que los machos, respectivamente. También encontramos diferencias significativas entre el tipo de presa entregado por las hembras y por los machos durante los dos años. Los machos entregaron un 30% más de eufáusidos (crustáceos pelágico relativamente grandes) que las hembras, mientras que éstas entregaron un 36% más de copépodos (crustáceos más pequeños) que los machos. Sin embargo, el peso de la carga de alimento no varió. En 1998 medimos experimentalmente la vulnerabilidad de los polluelos no cuidados utilizando modelos situados en grietas desocupadas. El 83% de los modelos presentaron signos de ataques presumiblemente producidos por adultos coespecíficos. Concluimos que los polluelos no cuidados de A. cristatella son altamente vulnerables a ataques. Sugerimos que los machos tomaron un rol más importante en la crianza de los polluelos que sus parejas debido a que ellos presentan un pico más grande y fuertemente arqueado y son más agresivos que las hembras. Por lo tanto están mejor equipados que las hembras para proteger a los polluelos o proteger el sitio de nidificación.


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