Adjustment of basking postures in the high-altitude Iberian rock lizard (Lacerta monticola)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Martín ◽  
Pilar López ◽  
Luis M. Carrascal ◽  
Alfredo Salvador
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Dorsal Part ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Compass Orientation ◽  
Rock Lizard

We studied the relationships between thermoregulatory basking postures and heating rates in the Iberian rock lizard (Lacerta monticola). Heating rates were high when body size was small, the substrate temperature was high, and the angle of incidence of the sun's rays was high (i.e., the rays were perpendicular to the lizard's body). However, heating rates were not related to the compass orientation of lizard's body axis to the sun (perpendicular versus in line with the sun). In the field, the slopes of the body axis of basking individuals were higher during the early morning. However, neither the cardinal orientation of a lizard's body axis to the sun nor the frequency of flattening varied during the morning. Postural adjustments to select an adequate angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the dorsal part of the body suggest that this behaviour might enhance absorption of solar radiation.

scholarly journals Gill Movements of Nymphal Ephemera danica (Ephemeroptera) and the Water Currents caused by them

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. S. EASTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Middle Line ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Force Components ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ephemera Danica

1. The six pairs of gills in Ephemera danica causing currents in the water are bilamellate and feather-like. 2. The gills move in metachronal rhythm from before backwards, and set up currents which are symmetrical with the body axis. Members of pairs of gills beat synchronously and in phase with each other. The difference of phase between two adjacent gills of the same side is about one-eighth of a complete oscillation. 3. For a single gill there is little or no difference in the angle presented by the gill to its own path of motion, in the two halves of an oscillation. This factor (angle of incidence) is not of great importance in directing water backwards. Forces of importance in moving water in the direction taken are (i) the resultant of axial and transverse force components for single gills, (ii) the pressure effected on the water over the animal's back by the two members of a pair of gills falling, (iii) the movement backwards of alternating pressure regions over the back, (iv) the undulations of the second screw-like gills which feed the main current from in front and from the sides. 4. The fringing filaments of adjacent gills overlap each other from before backwards (as seen from the middle line of the body), and thus each row of gills forms a "membrane" composed of separate gill units. The latter appear never to lose contact with each other during movement, and since no sideways flow is observed between the gills it is assumed that the overlapping filaments between the gills form a membrane impermeable to flow. 5. The adaptation of Ephemera to its sandy environment is shortly discussed.

scholarly journals Liggaamsoriëntasie van blesbokke in ’n skadulose omgewing

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
C. H. J. Van Aswegen
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
Free State ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Incoming Radiation

The body orientation of blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi in relation to sun angle and wind direction was investigated in a shadeless environment in the central Orange Free State. During early morning and late afternoon, when the sun’s altitude and ambient temperature are relatively low, the antelope evidently orientate laterally towards the sun. As the temperature increases during midday, the antelope show a tendency to orientate in line with the incoming radiation but laterally in rela­tion to wind direction.

Activity and body orientation of Gallotia galloti in different habitats and daily times

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Font ◽  
Martha Bohórquez-Alonso ◽  
Miguel Molina-Borja
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Gallotia Galloti

AbstractIn lizards, site selection is related to the acquisition of resources such as refuges, mates or prey, but also to the exploitation of sites suitable for thermoregulation. The latter process may be affected by lizard posture and body axis orientation in relation to the sun as a way to optimize heat exchange throughout the day. Specific postures and body orientations could also contribute to more efficient signal transmission in social contexts. In this paper we analyze activity and body axis orientation of adult males and females of the lacertid Gallotia galloti in two localities of Tenerife with different structural habitats. We performed transects at both sampling localities in the morning and at midday during May and June of three years (2002-2004). The numbers of lizards detected per unit time during transects at both localities were similar; however, significantly more males than females were detected. Moreover, more lizards were found oriented parallel or perpendicular to the sun than in alternative (oblique) orientations. Heating rates were not different for copper lizard models oriented parallel or perpendicular to the sun, neither in the morning nor at midday, and there was no significant relationship between air temperature and lizard body orientation. This suggests that lizard body orientation is not constrained by thermoregulatory requirements. We discuss alternative hypotheses and conclude that body axis orientation in G. galloti lizards may reflect a compromise between the conflicting demands imposed by thermoregulation and social communication.

Analysis of Lead Heavy Metal (Pb) Contamination on Matte Lipstick Preparations for Sale in Banda Aceh City Aceh Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki Andalia ◽  
Mulia Aria Suzanni ◽  
Rini Rini
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Pb Contamination ◽  
Body Organ ◽  
Banda Aceh

Lipstick or lip dye is a cosmetic dose that serves to coloring, decorative the lips, as a moisturizing material and protect the lips from exposure the sun to provide optimum results. Lipstick should not contain chemicals such as lead (Pb) because the Pb is a heavy metal that is very dangerous when continuously used on the skin, because it will be absorbed into the blood and attack the body organ causing the onset of disease. According to BPOM that the lead rate on the lipstick does not exceed the permissible limit of 20 mg/kg or 20 ppm.This research aims to know the levels contained in the samples are 4 brands of matte lipstick that are sold in the Aceh market in Banda Aceh City with the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that on the 4 brands of lipstick matte contain heavy metal lead (Pb) with a rate still qualified allowed by BPOM  is samples A, B, C, and D, respectively at 0.24 ppm; 0.10 ppm; 2.87 ppm and 1.32 ppm, so that the 4 brands of lipstick matte are still used.

Sun Load Analysis and Testing on Automotive Front Lighting Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Emre Öztürk ◽  
Mehmet Aktaş ◽  
Tunç Şenyüz
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Automotive Lighting ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Plastic Parts ◽  
Load Simulation

The purpose of this research is to reach good correlation between sun load simulation and solar focusing test for exterior automotive lighting products. Light coming from sun is highly collimated (parallel rays) and focusable from lenses with concave structure. Focusing incidence leads to a hot spot on lens surrounding plastic parts which may cause melting failures at high temperature zones. Sun load simulation is performing to eliminate risk of discoloration, deformation, out gassing, coating failures and fire with prolonged exposure from field. Irradiance values in W/m2 defined in simulation as heat source depending of an angle of incidence of the sun radiation. At first step, simulation is performing with 5 degree intervals to define the critical zones then intervals decreased to 2 degree to detect the critical azimuth and inclination angles. Critical azimuth and inclination angles is checking with ray trace analysis to check the bouncing of sun rays and possible solution to eliminate focuses with design solutions. After numerical analysis to release and validate the automotive lighting products regarding the sun load test, measurement with first parts is necessary. Measurement is performing for all critical angles which have been detected at simulation with thermal camera under ultra high-collimation solar simulator. Measured temperatures are settled according to environment conditions and correlation is checking with simulations.

The Body Size of Headstarted and Wild Juvenile European Pond Turtles (Emys orbicularis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Sławomir Mitrus ◽  
Bartłomiej Najbar ◽  
Adam Kotowicz ◽  
Anna Najbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

scholarly journals First record of Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Marciszak ◽  
Yuriy Semenov ◽  
Piotr Portnicki ◽  
Tamara Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
South Eastern

AbstractCranial material ofPachycrocuta brevirostrisfrom the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk is the first record of this species in Ukraine. This large hyena was a representative of the Tamanian faunal complex and a single specialised scavenger in these faunas. The revisited European records list ofP.brevirostrisdocumented the presence of this species in 101 sites, dated in the range of 3.5–0.4 Ma. This species first disappeared in Africa, survived in Europe until ca. 0.8–0.7 Ma, and its last, relict occurrence was known from south-eastern Asia. The main reason of extinction ofP.brevirostrisprobably was the competition withCrocuta crocuta. The cave hyena was smaller, but its teeth were proportionally larger to the body size, better adapted to crushing bones and slicing meat, and could also hunt united in larger groups.

Haul-out behaviour and densities of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in the Barrow Strait area, N.W.T.

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1985-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerwin J. Finley
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Stable Population ◽  
The Sun ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Phoca Hispida ◽  
High Wind Speed ◽  
Ringed Seals ◽  
Calm Weather

Numbers of ringed seals hauled out on the ice began to increase in early June. Numbers on the ice were highest from 0900 to 1500 hours Central Standard Time and lowest (average 40–50% of peak) in early morning. Seals commonly remained on the ice for several hours, and occasionally (during calm weather) for > 48 h. Numbers on the ice were reduced on windy days and possibly also on unusually warm, bright and calm days. Seals tended to face away from the wind (particularly with high wind speed) and oriented broadside to the sun. Seals usually occurred singly (60–70% of all groups) at their holes.Numbers of seals hauled out at Freemans Cove remained relatively constant during June (maximum density 4.86/km2), whereas at Aston Bay numbers increased dramatically to a maximum density of 10.44/km2 in late June. The increase was thought to be due to an influx of seals abandoning unstable ice. The density of seal holes at Freemans Cove (5.92/km2) was much higher than at Aston Bay (2.73/km2). The ratio of holes to the maximum numbers of seals (1.12:1) at Freemans Cove represents a first estimate of this relationship in an apparently stable population.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

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