Buccal capsule of Zeldia punctata (Nemata: Cephalobidae): an ultrastructural study

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Baldwin ◽  
C. D. Eddleman
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Buccal Capsule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Capsule Wall ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Dorsal Gland ◽  
Electron Lucent

The ultrastructure of the buccal capsule of the microbivorous soil nematode Zeldia punctata demonstrates important differences and possible homologies with that of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In Z. punctata the buccal capsule wall is separated into an anterior to posterior series of six cuticular rhabdions. The most anterior, rhabdion 1, the cheilorhabdion, is continuous with the body-wall cuticle and is produced by the adjacent syncytial hypodermis (=epidermis). Rhabdion 2 is underlain by a stack of two nonpharyngeal arcade synctyia and, in this respect, resembles the prorhabdion of C. elegans. Rhabdion 3 includes six electron-lucent rods and is surrounded by muscle designated ma, whereas rhabdions 4 and 5 are characterized by an electron-lucent marbling and each is surrounded by three muscles designated mb and mc, respectively. In Z. punctata the dorsal gland opens into the lumen of the buccal capsule near the base of rhabdion 5, whereas in C. elegans it occurs farther posteriorly, near the base of the buccal capsule. Rhabdion 6 is electron dense and is surrounded by the md muscles. The ma and mb muscles in Z. punctata are hypothesized as homologues of the epithelial cells e1 and e3 in C. elegans, but alternative testable hypotheses are also proposed.

scholarly journals Mutations Affecting Nerve Attachment of Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 1611-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Shioi ◽  
Michinari Shoji ◽  
Masashi Nakamura ◽  
Takeshi Ishihara ◽  
Isao Katsura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Ventral Cord ◽  
Excretory Canal

Abstract Using a pan-neuronal GFP marker, a morphological screen was performed to detect Caenorhabditis elegans larval lethal mutants with severely disorganized major nerve cords. We recovered and characterized 21 mutants that displayed displacement or detachment of the ventral nerve cord from the body wall (Ven: ventral cord abnormal). Six mutations defined three novel genetic loci: ven-1, ven-2, and ven-3. Fifteen mutations proved to be alleles of previously identified muscle attachment/positioning genes, mup-4, mua-1, mua-5, and mua-6. All the mutants also displayed muscle attachment/positioning defects characteristic of mua/mup mutants. The pan-neuronal GFP marker also revealed that mutants of other mua/mup loci, such as mup-1, mup-2, and mua-2, exhibited the Ven defect. The hypodermis, the excretory canal, and the gonad were morphologically abnormal in some of the mutants. The pleiotropic nature of the defects indicates that ven and mua/mup genes are required generally for the maintenance of attachment of tissues to the body wall in C. elegans.

Broad oxygen tolerance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (16) ◽  
pp. 2467-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Van Voorhies ◽  
S. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Short Period

This study examined the effects of oxygen tensions ranging from 0 to 90 kPa on the metabolic rate (rate of carbon dioxide production), movement and survivorship of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans requires oxygen to develop and survive. However, it can maintain a normal metabolic rate at oxygen levels of 3.6 kPa and has near-normal metabolic rates at oxygen levels as low as 2 kPa. The ability to withstand low ambient oxygen levels appears to be a consequence of the small body size of C. elegans, which allows diffusion to supply oxygen readily to the cells without requiring any specialized respiratory or metabolic adaptations. Thus, the small size of this organism pre-adapts C. elegans to living in soil environments that commonly become hypoxic. Movement in C. elegans appears to have a relatively minor metabolic cost. Several developmental stages of C. elegans were able to withstand up to 24 h of anoxia without major mortality. Longer periods of anoxia significantly increased mortality, particularly for eggs. Remarkably, long-term exposure to 100 % oxygen had no effect on the metabolic rate of C. elegans, and populations were able to survive for a least 50 generations in 100 % (90 kPa) oxygen. Such hyperoxic conditions are fatal to most organisms within a short period.

Positioning and maintenance of embryonic body wall muscle attachments in C. elegans requires the mup-1 gene

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.Y. Goh ◽  
T. Bogaert
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Molecule ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Body Wall Muscles

As part of a general study of genes specifying a pattern of muscle attachments, we identified and genetically characterised mutants in the mup-1 gene. The body wall muscles of early stage mup-1 embryos have a wild-type myofilament pattern but may extend ectopic processes. Later in embryogenesis, some body wall muscles detach from the hypodermis. Genetic analysis suggests that mup-1 has both a maternal and a zygotic component and is not required for postembryonic muscle growth and attachment. mup-1 mutants are suppressed by mutations in several genes that encode extracellular matrix components. We propose that mup-1 may encode a cell surface/extracellular matrix molecule required both for the positioning of body wall muscle attachments in early embryogenesis and the subsequent maintenance of these attachments to the hypodermis until after cuticle synthesis.

scholarly journals LONGEVITY OVER THE COUNTER: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF COMMON DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ON AGING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S102-S103
Author(s):  
Ben Blue ◽  
Elena Vayndorf ◽  
Matt Kaeberlein
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Image Capture ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Short Lifespan ◽  
Age Related

Abstract C. elegans has been a workhorse within the field of aging biology for several decades due to its short lifespan, easy culturing, and robust genetic tools. However, the limiting factor in using C. elegans has been that throughput was constrained by the time and effort needed to manually check the worms for signs of life during longitudinal studies. By using the WormBot, a robotic image capture platform, we are able to successfully screen a wide array of compounds for their effects upon C. elegans lifespan. A single WormBot can monitor 144 individual experiments simultaneously and allows for accurate time of death calls. Here we present data generated with the WormBot that includes a screen of compounds from a wide array of natural and synthetic products that are often available as over-the-counter supplements. In order to better examine the effects of these widely-used compounds upon the aging process and an age-associated disease we examined longevity in a wildtype strain of C. elegans as well as an engineered strain that expresses human Aβ protein in the body wall muscle. The age-related pathogenesis of the Aβ-expressing strain is a progressive paralysis that can be halted with treatment of known effectors of Alzheimer’s disease. As such, we screened our battery of compounds with this strain to determine which compounds have a significant affect on delaying Aβ-associated paralysis. Lastly, using the WormBot’s ability to capture video recording, we examine how each compound affects mobility as animals age.

The ultrastructure of the cuticle of the nematode Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802). II. Modifications of the cuticle in the head end

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Dick ◽  
K. A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Buccal Capsule ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
Structural Role ◽  
Mouth Cavity ◽  
Median Zone ◽  
Syphacia Obvelata ◽  
Somatic Muscles

The head region of the pinworm Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802) has been examined to determine the nature of modification of the cuticle responsible for, or associated with, lips and buccal capsule, cephalic papillae and amphids, cephalic inflations, and cervical alae. The median zone of the cuticle was found to be the most modified and variation in the extent and distribution of striated material is compatible with its proposed structural role. The variations found are probably related to compensation for stresses that may develop in the cuticle during the complex movements of the head end. Lips are only inconspicuous expansions of the body wall cuticle, while esophageal cuticle is strikingly different in appearance. It is proposed to refer to all regions of the mouth cavity bounded by both the lips and esophagus as the buccal capsule while only the limited region bounded by body wall cuticle may be referred to as stoma. A mechanism involving three groups of intrahypodermal cytoskeletal filaments attached to the tips of somatic muscles, esophagus, and cuticle is proposed to move the lips.

scholarly journals Immunochemical localization of myosin heavy chain isoforms and paramyosin in developmentally and structurally diverse muscle cell types of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

1987 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 2763-2770 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Ardizzi ◽  
H F Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chains ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscles

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains two major groups of muscle cells that exhibit organized sarcomeres: the body wall and pharyngeal muscles. Several additional groups of muscle cells of more limited mass and spatial distribution include the vulval muscles of hermaphrodites, the male sex muscles, the anal-intestinal muscles, and the gonadal sheath of the hermaphrodite. These muscle groups do not exhibit sarcomeres and therefore may be considered smooth. Each muscle cell has been shown to have a specific origin in embryonic cell lineages and differentiation, either embryonically or postembryonically (Sulston, J. E., and H. R. Horvitz. 1977. Dev. Biol. 56:110-156; Sulston, J. E., E. Schierenberg, J. White, and J. N. Thomson. 1983. Dev. Biol. 100:64-119). Each muscle type exhibits a unique combination of lineage and onset of differentiation at the cellular level. Biochemically characterized monoclonal antibodies to myosin heavy chains A, B, C, and D and to paramyosin have been used in immunochemical localization experiments. Paramyosin is detected by immunofluorescence in all muscle cells. Myosin heavy chains C and D are limited to the pharyngeal muscle cells, whereas myosin heavy chains A and B are localized not only within the sarcomeres of body wall muscle cells, as reported previously, but to the smooth muscle cells of the minor groups as well. Myosin heavy chains A and B and paramyosin proteins appear to be compatible with functionally and structurally distinct muscle cell types that arise by multiple developmental pathways.

scholarly journals Cholinergic signalling at the body wall neuromuscular junction couples to distal inhibition of feeding in C. elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Izquierdo ◽  
Thibana Thisainathan ◽  
James H. Atkins ◽  
Christian J. Lewis ◽  
John E.H. Tattersall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Cholinergic Transmission ◽  
Systematic Screening ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping

AbstractComplex biological functions within organisms are frequently orchestrated by systemic communication between tissues. In the model organism C. elegans, the pharyngeal and body wall neuromuscular junctions are two discrete structures that control feeding and locomotion, respectively. These distinct tissues are controlled by separate, well-defined neural circuits. Nonetheless, the emergent behaviours, feeding and locomotion, are coordinated to guarantee the efficiency of food intake. We show that pharmacological hyperactivation of cholinergic transmission at the body wall muscle reduces the rate of pumping behaviour. This was evidenced by a systematic screening of the cholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb’s effect on the rate of pharyngeal pumping on food in mutant worms. The screening revealed that the key determinant of the inhibitory effect of aldicarb on pharyngeal pumping is the L-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in body wall muscle. This idea was reinforced by the observation that selective hyperstimulation of the body wall muscle L-type receptor by the agonist levamisole inhibited pumping. Overall, our results reveal that body wall cholinergic transmission controls locomotion and simultaneously couples a distal inhibition of feeding.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional simulation of the Caenorhabditis elegans body and muscle cells in liquid and gel environments for behavioural analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1758) ◽  
pp. 20170376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Palyanov ◽  
Sergey Khayrulin ◽  
Stephen D. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Simulation Engine

To better understand how a nervous system controls the movements of an organism, we have created a three-dimensional computational biomechanical model of the Caenorhabditis elegans body based on real anatomical structure. The body model is created with a particle system–based simulation engine known as Sibernetic, which implements the smoothed particle–hydrodynamics algorithm. The model includes an elastic body-wall cuticle subject to hydrostatic pressure. This cuticle is then driven by body-wall muscle cells that contract and relax, whose positions and shape are mapped from C. elegans anatomy, and determined from light microscopy and electron micrograph data. We show that by using different muscle activation patterns, this model is capable of producing C. elegans -like behaviours, including crawling and swimming locomotion in environments with different viscosities, while fitting multiple additional known biomechanical properties of the animal.  This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modelling C. elegans at cellular resolution’.

Sodium–hydrogen exchangers in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: investigations towards their potential role in hypodermal H+ excretion, Na+ uptake, and ammonia excretion, as well as acid–base balance

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Adlimoghaddam ◽  
Michael J. O’Donnell ◽  
Alex Quijada-Rodriguez ◽  
Dirk Weihrauch
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Base Balance

Cation/proton exchangers of the cation proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) subfamily (NHEs, SLC 9) play an important role in many physiological processes, including cell volume regulation, acid–base homeostasis, and ammonia excretion. The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Maupas, 1900) (N2, 1968) expresses nine paralogues (NHX-1 to NHX-9). The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of the cation/proton exchanger in hypodermal Na+ and H+ fluxes, as well in ammonia excretion processes. Measurements using SIET (scanning ion-selective electrode technique) showed that the hypodermis promotes H+ secretion and Na+ uptake. Inhibitory effects on fluxes were observed upon application of amiloride but not EIPA, suggesting that NHXs are not involved in the transport processes. In response to stress induced by starvation or exposure to 1 mmol·L−1 NH4Cl, pH 5.5, or pH 8.0, body pH stayed fairly constant, with changes in mRNA expression levels detected in intestinal NHX-2 and hypodermal NHX-3. In conclusion, the study suggest that hypodermal apically localized EIPA-sensitive Na+/H+ exchangers do not likely play a role in ammonia excretion and Na+ uptake in the hypodermis of C. elegans, whereas apical amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels seem to be involved not just in hypodermal Na+ uptake but indirectly also in NH4+ and H+ excretion.

Developmental strategies during early embryogenesis of Caenorhabditis elegans

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Einhard Schierenberg
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Multicellular Structure

How the complex, multicellular structure of an organism is generated from the information contained in the uncleaved egg is a central question in developmental studies. Nematodes are particularly suitable for studying this question. A unique combination of favourable properties, including transparent eggshell, normal embryogenesis under the microscope outside the mother, small number of cells and rapid, reproducible development made nematodes classic models for developmental biologists (for reviews see Chitwood & Chitwood, 1974; von Ehrenstein & Schierenberg, 1980). In addition to the attractive features mentioned above, the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Fig. 1) is also well suited for analysis of the genetic control of development (Brenner, 1974) unlike the classically studied parasitic nematode Parascaris equorum (Ascaris megalocephala). Recently cellular (e.g. Sulston, Schierenberg, White & Thomson, 1983) and genetic (e.g. Sternberg & Horvitz, 1984) aspects of development have been studied extensively in C. elegans.

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