The neuroanatomy of a pharmacophagous insect

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-660
Author(s):  
I. Meierhofer
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Central Projections ◽  
Major Region ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
Creatonotos Transiens ◽  
The Brain

The neuroanatomy of the supraoesophageal ganglion and suboesophageal ganglion of larval Creatonotos transiens (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was investigated to obtain a three-dimensional model of the brain. Central projections of antennal and maxillary sensory structures were traced using methods of cobalt diffusion. The majority of antennal axons project to the larval antennal centre in the supraoesophageal ganglion, whereas the major region to which the maxillary inputs project lies within the suboesophageal ganglion.

scholarly journals The Localization of Activity Sources in a Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Brain Using the Joint Analysis of EEG / sMRI Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
E. Bykova ◽  
A. Savostyanov
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Despite the large number of existing methods of the diagnosis of the brain, brain remains the least studied part of the human body. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most popular methods of studying of brain activity due to its relative cheapness, harmless, and mobility of equipment. While analyzing the EEG data of the brain, the problem of solving of the inverse problem of electroencephalography, the localization of the sources of electrical activity of the brain, arises. This problem can be formulated as follows: according to the signals recorded on the surface of the head, it is necessary to determine the location of sources of these signals in the brain. The purpose of my research is to develop a software system for localization of brain activity sources based on the joint analysis of EEG and sMRI data. There are various approaches to solving of the inverse problem of EEG. To obtain the most exact results, some of them involve the use of data on the individual anatomy of the human head – structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI data). In this paper, one of these approaches is supposed to be used – Electromagnetic Spatiotemporal Independent Component Analysis (EMSICA) proposed by A. Tsai. The article describes the main stages of the system, such as preprocessing of the initial data; the calculation of the special matrix of the EMSICA approach, the values of which show the level of activity of a certain part of the brain; visualization of brain activity sources on its three-dimensional model.

Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Allan Hobson ◽  
Edward F. Pace-Schott ◽  
Robert Stickgold
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
The Brain

Sleep researchers in different disciplines disagree about how fully dreaming can be explained in terms of brain physiology. Debate has focused on whether REM sleep dreaming is qualitatively different from nonREM (NREM) sleep and waking. A review of psychophysiological studies shows clear quantitative differences between REM and NREM mentation and between REM and waking mentation. Recent neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies also differentiate REM, NREM, and waking in features with phenomenological implications. Both evidence and theory suggest that there are isomorphisms between the phenomenology and the physiology of dreams. We present a three-dimensional model with specific examples from normally and abnormally changing conscious states.

Cephalic sensory pathways in the central nervous system of larval Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 315 (1168) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Thoracic Ganglion ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Central Projections ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
The Brain

Central projections of neurons innervating sensory structures on the head of larval Manduca sexta were traced by using methods of anterograde cobalt-diffusion. Regions of the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum in the brain receive input from the antenna, labrum, maxilla, labial palps, hypopharynx and other unidentified regions of the buccal cavity. Antennal, maxillary and labial inputs project to the larval antennal centre (LAC) of the deutocerebrum. Stemmatal neurons and a few antennal neurons project into the protocerebrum. The suboesophageal ganglion (SEG) receives input from mechanosensory neurons in all parts of the head and its sensory appendages. Some mechanosensory neurons project further to the first thoracic ganglion. In addition to receiving input from chemosensory neurons of the maxilla, the SEG may also receive chemosensory input from epipharyngeal sensilla of the labrum.

scholarly journals Modeling of intracranial vessels and Simulation of cerebral blood flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 03030
Author(s):  
Yingying Yan ◽  
Li Ke ◽  
Qiang Du ◽  
Xiaodi Ding ◽  
Jia Chen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Automatic Regulation ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
The Brain

The stable regulation of cerebral blood flow plays an important role in the normal operation of brain function. The disturbance of cerebral blood flow automatic regulation will lead to brain injury and lead to cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, it is of practical clinical significance to study the fine modeling of intracranial blood vessels. First of all, based on the anatomic structure of the intracranial blood vessels, the above sagittal sinus vein, sigmoid sinus, superior petrosal sinus, transverse sinus and cerebral arterial circle were mainly modeled, the three-dimensional model of cerebral blood flow is constructed. Secondly, the three-dimensional model is given conductivity characteristics. Through the expansion and contraction of cerebral blood vessels to simulate the self-regulation of cerebral blood flow, the simulation method of cerebral blood flow impedance is studied. When the blood flow changes, the brain impedance is calculated. The simulation data shows that the change trend of the electric potential and the whole brain impedance of the outer layer of the brain is consistent with the theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the impedance curves and changes calculated by the brain model in this study are consistent with the measured impedance results, which shows that the modeling method in this paper is precise and effective, and provides a theoretical basis for further study of cerebral blood flow problems.

A New Method for Practicing Exploration, Dissection, and Simulation with a Complete Computerized Three-Dimensional Model of the Brain and Skull

1994 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schubert ◽  
K.H. Höhne ◽  
A. Pommert ◽  
M. Riemer ◽  
Th. Schiemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
The Brain

Transthyretin gene expression in choroid plexus first evolved in reptiles

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (5) ◽  
pp. R982-R989 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Achen ◽  
W. Duan ◽  
T. M. Pettersson ◽  
P. J. Harms ◽  
S. J. Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Channel ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain

The presence of transthyretin in mammals and birds, but not amphibia, suggested that transthyretin expression first appeared in stem reptiles. Therefore, transthyretin synthesis was studied in a lizard. Transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus pieces from Tiliqua rugosa was demonstrated by incorporation of radiactive amino acids. Oligonucleotides corresponding to conserved regions of transthyretin were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction with lizard choroid plexus cDNA. Amplified DNA was used to screen a lizard choroid plexus cDNA library. A full-length transthyretin cDNA clone was isolated and sequenced. A three-dimensional model of lizard transthyretin was obtained by homology modeling. The central channel of transthyretin, containing the thyroxine-binding site, was found to be completely conserved between reptiles and mammals. Transthyretin expression was not detected in lizard liver. These data suggest that transthyretin first evolved in the choroid plexus of the brain. Due to a change in tissue distribution of gene expression, occurring much later during evolution, transthyretin also became a plasma protein, synthesized in the liver.

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