Factors that possibly influence variation in the calling song of field crickets: temperature, time, and male size, age, and wing morphology

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 950-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantine Souroukis ◽  
William H. Cade ◽  
Gareth Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wing Dimorphism ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Gryllus Integer ◽  
Temperature Time

The structure of the calling song of the Texas field cricket, Gryllus integer, was studied. Pulse rates, percentage of missed pulses within a trill, numbers of pulses per trill or trill lengths, and intertrill intervals were measured for males singing in the field and in the laboratory. All song parameters were variable and were distributed normally. Intertrill intervals were longer in the laboratory, but all other parameters were similar in laboratory and field populations. Pulse rates varied in a linear fashion with ambient temperature in the laboratory and field. The percentage of missed pulses in a trill decreased with increasing temperature in the field and in the laboratory; intertrill intervals varied inversely with temperature only in the field. In field populations, immediately before and after sunrise male songs had fewer pulses per trill and a greater frequency of missed pulses than songs produced for a few hours following sunset. Song structure did not vary with age, weight, or hind-wing dimorphism. Most song parameters were correlated with each other. The data are discussed in terms of female choice and attraction to male song, male competition by way of acoustical interaction, and underlying genetic variation in G. integer.

scholarly journals Frequency tuning and directional sensitivity of tympanal vibrations in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (128) ◽  
pp. 20170035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Lankheet ◽  
Uroš Cerkvenik ◽  
Ole N. Larsen ◽  
Johan L. van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Song Production ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Phase Differences

Female field crickets use phonotaxis to locate males by their calling song. Male song production and female behavioural sensitivity form a pair of matched frequency filters, which in Gryllus bimaculatus are tuned to a frequency of about 4.7 kHz. Directional sensitivity is supported by an elaborate system of acoustic tracheae, which make the ears function as pressure difference receivers. As a result, phase differences between left and right sound inputs are transformed into vibration amplitude differences. Here we critically tested the hypothesis that acoustic properties of internal transmissions play a major role in tuning directional sensitivity to the calling song frequency, by measuring tympanal vibrations as a function of sound direction and frequency. Rather than sharp frequency tuning of directional sensitivity corresponding to the calling song, we found broad frequency tuning, with optima shifted to higher frequencies. These findings agree with predictions from a vector summation model for combining external and internal sounds. We show that the model provides robust directional sensitivity that is, however, broadly tuned with an optimum well above the calling song frequency. We therefore advocate that additional filtering, e.g. at a higher (neuronal) level, significantly contributes to frequency tuning of directional sensitivity.

Nightly and hourly rates of attraction of flying field crickets, Gryllus integer, to conspecific song

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2540-2542 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cade
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Gryllus Integer

Nightly and hourly rates of attraction of flying field crickets, Gryllus integer, to conspecific calling song were studied in an arena placed in the natural habitat of the species in central Texas. Calling of male G. integer in the arena and tape-recorded broadcasts of conspecific song were the sources of cricket song that subsequently attracted flying crickets. Observations were conducted for 10 h from approximately 1.5–2 h past sunset to 3 h past sunrise for 97 nights in 1983 and 1985–1988, using calling males, and for 4 nights in 1988, using taped song. The number of crickets attracted each night varied greatly, significantly more females were attracted, the numbers of males and females attracted decreased near sunrise, and significantly more crickets entered the arena from 2 to 6 h than from 7 to 11 h past sunset. Results are discussed in the context of mating behavior and sexual selection in this and other species.

Temporal patterns of parasitoid fly (Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song (Gryllus integer)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cade ◽  
Mark Ciceran ◽  
Anne-Marie Murray
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Ormia Ochracea ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Cricket Song ◽  
Temporal Rate ◽  
Gryllus Integer ◽  
Male Cricket

Female flies, Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), orient to the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus integer (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and deposit larvae that burrow into and consume the cricket host. Selection pressure from O. ochracea has probably been important in the evolution of male cricket songs and mating behaviour in G. integer and other cricket species. Tape-recorded G. integer calling song was broadcast to study the temporal rate of attraction of O. ochracea. Flies became phonotactic to cricket song approximately at sunset, and the highest level of attraction was observed in the following hours of the evening. Fly phonotaxis decreased in the hours immediately preceding sunrise and no flies were attracted during daylight hours. More male G. integer call at sunrise and in the preceding hours than earlier in the evening, perhaps in response to the lower probability of attracting O. ochracea.

Geographic variation in hybrid fertility in the field crickets Gryllus integer, G. rubens, and Gryllus sp.

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2697-2700 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cade ◽  
Michael G. Tyshenko
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Hybrid Fertility ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Gryllus Integer

Hybridization was attempted between three geographically separated field cricket populations having males that produce distinct songs. Gryllus integer from central Texas and G. rubens from Arkansas produced many offspring in both reciprocal crosses. Gryllus sp. from New Mexico also produced hybrid offspring in matings with G. integer and G. rubens but at a very low frequency and only in crosses where the female was Gryllus sp. In previous experiments, G. integer from California was unable to hybridize with G. integer from Texas and G. rubens.

Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera; Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Gray ◽  
William H Cade
Keyword(s):  
Field Cricket ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Extrinsic Mortality ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Theory Of Aging ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
Intrinsic Mortality ◽  
Gryllus Integer

The evolutionary theory of aging proposes that senescence is related to decreased selection against deleterious mutations acting late in life. Senescence, i.e., an increase in intrinsic mortality with age, should reflect levels of extrinsic mortality early in life. We tested these predictions using two species of field cricket, Gryllus integer and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Gryllus integer males are host to a sex-biased parasitoid fly, which orients to the male calling song. As a result, males have reduced life expectancy compared with females in the field. In contrast, G. pennsylvanicus males and females appear to have similar life expectancies in the wild. Thus, we predicted that there would be a significant species × sex interaction, with G. integer males having the shortest life-span. In two replicates, we found that males of both species died at a significantly younger age than females. However, no evidence of a species × sex interaction was found: in the first replicate, G. integer males died earliest, in the second replicate, G. pennsylvanicus males died earliest.

Effects of fly parasitoids on nightly calling duration in field crickets

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cade
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Gryllus Integer ◽  
Host Effects

The song of male field crickets, Gryllus integer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), attracts flies, Euphasiopteryx ochracea (Diptera; Tachinidae). Flies deposit larvae on male crickets and the larvae burrow in and consume the host. Effects of fly parasitism on duration of calling in G. integer were studied. Male crickets were collected at street lights and placed in jars and were electrically monitored for calling song. Calling duration was measured for 7 nights. Fly larvae were then placed on males and calling duration was measured for an additional 7 nights. In two replicates, males called significantly less following parasitism, and average calling duration declined gradually before death. Other males which remained free of fly larvae showed no reduction in calling. Field-collected males which subsequently died from fly parasitism called significantly less than non-parasitized males. Acoustically orienting flies reduce the ability of parasitized males to attract females acoustically.

Female mating frequency and progeny production in singly and doubly mated house and field crickets

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott K. Sakaluk ◽  
William H. Cade
Keyword(s):  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Mating Frequency ◽  
Progeny Production ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Additional Function ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Gryllus Integer

Many female insects mate more than once although the adaptive significance is often unclear. We studied the frequency of mating, the fate of the spermatophore, and progeny production of individual females as a function of single or double matings in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, and the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Females of both species may mate repeatedly and often eat the externally attached spermatophore. In A. domesticus, doubly mated females produced significantly more offspring than did single maters, the difference resulting largely from the failure of 12.5% of the single maters to leave progeny. Singly and doubly mated G. integer did not differ regarding nymph production, but 50% of the singly mated females did not reproduce. Remating by female crickets partly functions in offsetting the probability of a failed initial mating. Nymph production increased significantly with the time the spermatophore was attached in singly mated A. domesticus. Spermatophore consumption by the female was not affected by male "guarding" behaviour, and the interval between mating and eating of the spermatophore may often be shorter than the time required for maximum insemination. It is suggested that acquisition of nutrition may be an additional function of female repeated matings.

scholarly journals Hot water extraction of Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]) bark: analyses of the influence of bark aging and process parameters on the extract composition

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 619-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauro Bianchi ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Ron Janzon ◽  
Ingo Mayer ◽  
Bodo Saake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract The hot water (HW) extraction of Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]) delivers condensed tannins and considerable amounts of other compounds. Yield and composition of the HW extracts were investigated as a function of natural weathering for up to 15 months. Total phenol monomers and oligomers were detected by Folin-Ciocaltau assay after fractionation by solid phase extraction (SPE). Procyanidins (PC) were determined by HPLC-UV after acid thiolysis and carbohydrates by HPLC combined with acid hydrolysis. Topochemistry of the bark before and after extraction was investigated by UV-microspectrometry (UMSP) and non-extractable PC analyzed by direct thiolysis on the bark. The influence of the parameters on the yield and composition of the extracts were evaluated, such as the extraction temperature, time and the addition of sodium sulfate and urea. Prolonged weathering resulted in a considerable decrease of the total extraction yield, partly because of leaching of phenolic monomers, mono- and oligosaccharides. The yield of phenolic oligomers also decreased at a moderate rate, while the yield of polysaccharides (pectins) was almost stable. Non-extractable and non-leachable compounds deposited in the cell lumens represent the majority of the phenolic extractives in spruce bark. Sequential extractions performed at increasing temperature proved to be a suitable method for the recovery of tannin-rich extracts.

scholarly journals Balancing Selection on Electrophoretic Variation of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Two Species of Field Cricket: Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-621
Author(s):  
Laura A Katz ◽  
Richard G Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Phosphoglucose Isomerase ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Nucleotide Variation ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Gryllus Veletis

Two species of crickets, Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus, share six electrophoretic mobility classes for the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), despite evidence from other genetic markers that the two species are not closely related within eastern North American field crickets. Moreover, the frequencies of the two most common PGI electrophoretic classes (PGI-100 and PGI-65) covary in sympatric populations of these species in the eastern United States, suggesting that PGI may be subject to trans-specific balancing selection. To determine the molecular basis of the electrophoretic variation, we characterized the DNA sequence of the Pgi gene from 29 crickets (15 G. veletis and 14 G. pennsylvanicus). Amino acid substitutions that distinguish the electrophoretic classes are not the same in the two species, and there is no evidence that specific replacement substitutions represent trans-specific polymorphism. In particular, the amino acids that diagnose the PGI-65 allele relative to the PGI-100 allele differ both between G. veletis and G. pennsylvanicus and within G. pennsylvanicus. The heterogeneity among electrophoretic classes that covary in sympatric populations coupled with analysis of patterns of nucleotide variation suggest that Pgi is not evolving neutrally. Instead, the data are consistent with balancing selection operating on an emergent property of the PGI protein.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Wave Velocity-Permeability Model for Granite Subjected to Different Temperature Processing

Geofluids ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Jiang ◽  
Jianping Zuo ◽  
Teng Ma ◽  
Xu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Rock Matrix ◽  
Permeability Model ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Understanding the change of permeability of rocks before and after heating is of great significance for exploitation of hydrocarbon resources and disposal of nuclear waste. The rock permeability under high temperature cannot be measured with most of the existing methods. In this paper, quality, wave velocity, and permeability of granite specimen from Maluanshan tunnel are measured after high temperature processing. Quality and wave velocity of granite decrease and permeability of granite increases with increasing temperature. Using porosity as the medium, a new wave velocity-permeability model is established with modified wave velocity-porosity formula and Kozeny-Carman formula. Under some given wave velocities and corresponding permeabilities through experiment, the permeabilities at different temperatures and wave velocities can be obtained. By comparing the experimental and the theoretical results, the proposed formulas are verified. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the effect of particle size, wave velocities in rock matrix, and pore fluid on permeability: permeability increases with increasing particle size, wave velocities in rock matrix, and pore fluid; the higher the rock wave velocity, the lower the effect of wave velocities in rock matrix and pore fluid on permeability.

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