Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) as an intermediate host of the nematode Streptocara crassicauda

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2335-2340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. A. Laberge ◽  
J. Daniel McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage

The life cycle of Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin, 1829) was studied experimentally in the amphipod Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Of 2946 H. azteca that survived exposure, 699 were infected. Developing larval stages were found almost exclusively in the cephalic haemocoel. At 18–20 °C, moulting first-stage larvae were observed initially on day 11 and moulting second-stage larvae on day 15 post infection. The moult was not synchronous and moulting stages were found for several days after the initial observation. Third-stage larvae were found as early as day 19 post infection. The larval stages found in H. azteca are described. Mature females containing larvated eggs were recovered from domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos dom.) 9–21 days post exposure, and eggs were found in fecal samples on day 26. None of the females recovered from ducks 42 days post infection contained larvated eggs.

scholarly journals Penetration and post-infection development of root-knot nematodes in watermelon

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel López-Gómez ◽  
Soledad Verdejo-Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Reproduction Factor ◽  
Nematode Development

Meloidogyne javanica has showed less reproductive success than M. incognita in watermelon genotypes. This study was conducted to elucidate the low reproduction of M. javanica in watermelon. The post-infection development of M. javanica in watermelon ‘Sugar Baby’ was determined at progressively higher initial population (Pi) levels at two time points during the life cycle. Plants were inoculated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 second-stage juveniles (J2)/plant. The increase in Pi was correlated with the penetration rates (R2= 0.603, p<0.001) and total numbers of nematodes in the root (R2 =0.963, p< 0.001) but there was no correlation between the Pi and the reproduction factor (eggs/plant/Pi). The population in the roots at 26 days post-inoculation (dpi) consisted primarily of third-stage juveniles (J3) with a small presence of J2 and fourth stages, and egg-laying females. The dominance of the J3, when egg-laying females are expected, point to the malfunction of the feeding sites that failed to support nematode development beyond the J3 stage. The similarities in egg-laying females at 26 and 60 dpi imply the disruption of the life cycle. Watermelon compensated for M. javanica parasitism by increasing vine length (19% to 33%) and dry top weight (40%) in comparison with the non-inoculated plants. The area under the vine length progress curve was significantly larger as the Pi progressively increased (R²=0.417, p<0.001). Physiological variation was detected between the M. incognita populations. M. arenaria had less ability to invade watermelon roots than did M. incognita and M. javanica.

Life cycle studies on two Digenea, Paradistomum geckonum (Dicrocoeliidae) and Mesocoelium sociale (Mesocoeliidae), in geckonid lizards from Indonesia

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2491-2497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray J. Kennedy ◽  
L. M. Killick ◽  
M. Beverley-Burton
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Hemidactylus Frenatus ◽  
Pulmonate Gastropod ◽  
First Intermediate Host

Life cycle studies of Paradistomum geckonum (Dicrocoeliidae) were attempted experimentally. The pulmonate gastropod Lamellaxis gracilis served as the first intermediate host; geckonid lizards (Cosymbotus platyurus, Gehyra mutilata, and Hemidactylus frenatus) served as definitive hosts. The life cycle of Mesocoelium sociale (Mesocoeliidae) was studied in naturally infected first intermediate hosts (L. gracilis, Huttonella bicolor) and experimentally in geckonid definitive hosts (C. platyurus, G. mutilata, and H. frenatus). Some naturally infected L. gracilis were infected concurrently with larval stages of both digeneans. Second intermediate hosts, presumed to be arthropods, were experimentally unnecessary. Metacercariae of P. geckonum were not found. Cercariae of M. sociale formed encysted metacercariae in the same individual snails.

On the Life Cycle of Spirocerca lupi: Preinfective Stages in the Intermediate Host

1972 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Chhabra ◽  
Kunwar Suresh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Spirocerca Lupi ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
First Time

The development of the preinfective stages of S. lupi has been described and illustrated and the details of morphology given for the first time.The sex of the first stage juveniles can be distinguished by locating the position of the genital primordium. On an average, the first stage juveniles measure 0·39 mm. in length and 0·036 mm. in breadth, early second stage 0·78 and 0·044 mm. and the advanced second stage 1·40 mm. and 0·63 mm. respectively. The second stage juveniles obtained from beetles were not infective to dogs.

scholarly journals Experimental life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulcinéa Maria Barbosa Campos ◽  
Lindomar G. Freire Filha ◽  
Miguel Alípio Vieira ◽  
Julieta Machado Paçô ◽  
Moacir A. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Skeletal Musculature ◽  
Third Stage

The life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor was studied using material collected from human lesion and applying the experimental model: rodents (mice, hamsters), and carnivorae (cats, dogs). In mice given infective eggs, orally, hatch of the third stage larvae was noted in the gut wall, with migration to liver, lungs, skeletal musculature and subcutaneous tissue becoming, soon after, encysted. In cats infected with skinned carcasses of mice (60 to 235 days of infection) it was observed: hatch of third stage larvae from the nodules (cysts) in the stomach, migration through the oesophagus, pharynx, trachea, related tissues (rhino-oropharynx), and cervical lymphonodes developing to the mature stage in any of these sites on days 9-20 post inoculation (P.I.). There was no parasite development up to the mature stage in cats inoculated orally with infective eggs, which indicates that the life cycle of this parasite includes an obligatory intermediate host. In one of the cats (fed carcass of infected mice) necropsied on day 43 P.I., it was observed the occurence of the self-infective cycle of L. minor in the lung tissues and in the cervical region which was characterized by the finding of eggs in different stages of development, third stage larvae and mature worms. It's believed that some component of the carnivorae gastrointestinal tracts may preclude the development of third stage larvae from L. minor eggs what explains the interruption of the life cycle in animals fed infective eggs. It's also pointed out the role of the intermediate host in the first stages of the life cycle of this helminth.

The life cycle of Paraquimperia tenerrima: a parasite of the European eel Anguilla anguilla

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Shears ◽  
C.R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Freshwater Invertebrate ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

AbstractPrevious studies on the life history of the nematode eel specialist Paraquimperia tenerrima (Nematoda: Quimperiidae) have failed to determine whether an intermediate host is required in the life cycle. In the laboratory, eggs failed to hatch below 10°C, hatching occurring only at temperatures between 11 and 30°C. Survival of the free-living second stage larvae (L2) was also temperature dependent, with maximal survival between 10 and 20°C. Total survival of the free-living stages (eggs and L2) is unlikely to exceed a month at normal summer water temperatures, confirming that parasite could not survive the 6 month gap between shedding of eggs in spring and infection of eels in early winter outside of a host. Eels could not be infected directly with L2, nor could a range of common freshwater invertebrate species. Third stage larvae (L3) resembling P. tenerrima were found frequently and abundantly in the swimbladder of minnows Phoxinus phoxinus from several localities throughout the year and were able to survive in this host in the laboratory for at least 6 months. Third stage larvae identical to these larvae were recovered from minnows experimentally fed L2 of P. tenerrima, and eels infected experimentally with naturally and experimentally infected minnows were found to harbour fourth stage larvae (L4) and juvenile P. tenerrima in their intestines. Finally, the whole life cycle from eggs to adult was completed in the laboratory, confirming that minnows are an obligate intermediate host for P. tenerrima.

Observations on the establishment, growth, and development of Hymenolepis hopkinsi Schiller, 1951 (Cestoda) in the mallard

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1892-1897
Author(s):  
J. Daniel McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Hyalella Azteca ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
The Mean

Most young H. hopkinsi become established in the caeca of 3-week-old mallards 6 h after ingestion. Migration of H. hopkinsi into the caeca is completed within 36 h after infection. Worms increased in size rapidly between 6 h post infection and 7 days post infection, when the worms became gravid. The worms maintained a relatively constant size from day 7 until the termination of the experiment (day 19). Proglottid production begins 12–24 h after infection and the number increases rapidly until day 7. The mean number of proglottids per worm remained relatively constant until the termination of the experiment. Egg packets of H. hopkinsi are passed periodically in the caecal evacuations beginning 7 days after infection. These are infective immediately to the intermediate host Hyalella azteca.

The life cycle of Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov.(Trematoda: Digenea) and a review of the family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955

Parasitology ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Littorina Saxatilis ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Haematopus Ostralegus

1. Parvatrema homoeotecnum sp.nov. from the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann at Aberystwyth is described and compared with other species of the genus.2. The life cycle of this species is unique. The larval stages occur in the gastropod, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) subsp. tenebrosa (Montagu) and include germinal sacs which have a structure and development similar to an adult digenean. There are no free-living stages and only one intermediate host.3. The significance of this unique life cycle is discussed.4. The family Gymnophallidae Morozov, 1955, is reviewed. Emended definitions are given for the family, subfamilies and genera. Keys, diagnostic features and brief notes of the species are included.I am very grateful to Dr Gwendolen Rees, who suggested the investigation which led to the discovery of this species, for her advice and indispensable assistance throughout the work and the preparation of this paper. I am also grateful to the late Professor T. A. Stephenson for his interest and for the provision of working facilities; to Mr W. A. Ballantine, Mr A. H. Clarke, Jr., Mr C. Curtis, Miss G. P. F. Evans, Dr V. Fretter, Professor L. A. Harvey, Mr D. H. Jones and Dr J. Lewis who sent me specimens of Littorina saxatilis; to Professor R. M. Cable and Emerit. Professor G. R. La Rue for helpful suggestions; to Mr J. R. Hirst and Mr D. Hemingway Jones for photographic and technical assistance and to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for a grant which made the work possible.

Morphometric and morphological characteristics for identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 (Nematoda: Longidorinae)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Sutherland ◽  
T. G. Dunn ◽  
N. Bruce F. Cousens
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Clear Area ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Tail Shape ◽  
Tail Tip

Several morphometric and morphological characteristics were evaluated to determine their usefulness in identifying the life stages of Xiphinema bakeri. The stages can be identified by length of the body, onchiostylet, and replacement stylet of larvae. These values increase lineally from first-stage larva to adult, and fall into five groups corresponding to the nematodes' four larval stages and adult. Each stage has a specific tail-tip shape, which gradually changes from subacute in the first and second stages to subdigitate in adults. At lower magnifications, the body length and the tail shape, used in combination, are best for identification. First-stage larvae also have the replacement stylet overlapping the stylet extension, distinguishing them from the second stage. Frequently the immature vagina of fourth-stage larvae appears as a clear area in the body; this helps to separate them from the third stage.

The life cycle ofGyliauchen volubilisNagaty, (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae) from the Red Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Al-Jahdali ◽  
R.M. El-Said Hassanine
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Siganus Rivulatus

AbstractAlthough nothing is known about gyliauchenid life cycles, molecular phylogenetic studies have placed the Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929 close to the Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905. The gyliauchenidGyliauchen volubilisNagaty, 1956 was found in the intestine of its type-host,Siganus rivulatus, a siganid fish permanently resident in a lagoon within the mangrove swamps on the Egyptian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Larval forms of this trematode (mother sporocysts, rediae and cercariae) were found in the gonads and digestive gland ofClypeomorus clypeomorus(Gastropoda: Cerithiidae), a common snail in the same lagoon. So, this life cycle ofG. volubiliswas elucidated under natural conditions: eggs are directly ingested by the snail; mother sporocysts and rediae reach their maturity 3–6 and 11–13 weeks post-infection; rediae contain 23–29 developing cercariae; fully developed cercariae are gymnocephalus, without penetration glands, emerge from the snail during the night 16–18 weeks post-infection and rapidly encyst on aquatic vegetation (no second intermediate host); encysted metacercariae are not progenetic; 4-day-old metacercariae encysted on filamentous algae fed toS. rivulatusdeveloped into fully mature worms 6–8 weeks post-infection. The cycle was completed in about 26 weeks and followed one of the three known patterns of lepocreadiid life cycles, and except for the gymnocephalus cercariae, the other larval stages are very similar to those of lepocreadiids. Generally, the life cycle ofG. volubilisimplicitly supports the phylogenetic relationship of Gyliauchenidae and Lepocreadiidae inferred from molecular phylogenetic studies.

The life-cycle of the flatfish nematode Cucullanus heterochrous

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Køie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractMature specimens of Cucullanus heterochrous Rudolphi, 1802 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) were obtained from the intestine of the flounder, Platichthys flesus, from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater but do not hatch. Fully developed larvae pressed out of eggs are 430 μm long with amphids and dereids and enclosed within the cuticle of a previous larval stage. Infective larvae are believed to be in their third stage. Experimental studies showed that the polychaetes, Nereis spp., Scoloplos armiger, Brada villosa and Capitella sp., may act as intermediate hosts. In N. diversicolor the larvae increase their length to 1 mm within four weeks (15°C) without moulting. Experimental infections showed that larvated eggs are not infective to fish, whereas >550 μm long larvae from polychaetes survived in 4–24 cm long flounders and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. Third-stage larvae 550 μm to 1.1 mm long were found in the submucosa of the intestine one week post infection. At a length of about 800 μm to 1.4 mm they moult to fourth-stage larvae. Fourth-stage larvae, immature and mature worms occur in the intestine and rectum. Fourth-stage larvae and adults survived experimental transfer from one flounder to another. Similar developmental stages survived for two weeks in the intestine of experimentally infected cod, Gadus morhua.

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